Grade 10 Cells and Cell Specialization Review

Cells, Cell Division, and Cell Specialization rudimentaryally Different Types of Cell Prokaryotic Cell- single electric mobile phonephonephoneed only desoxyribonucleic acid+ social structure (before center) E. g. zygote-complete deoxyribonucleic acid Eukaryotic Cell-multi-celled (after nucleus) ProkaryotesEukaryotes DNAIn nucleoid regionWithin membrane-bound nucleus ChromosomesSingle, circularMultiple, linear OrganellesNoneMembrane-bound organelles SizeUsually smallerUsually larger- 50 times OrganizationUsually single-celledOften multicellular Sexual ReproductionNoneMeiosis Combination of DMA from 2 cells 3 postulates of cell theory (Created by Schleiden, Schwann) . All living things atomic number 18 composed of cells 2. All cells from pre-existing cells (e. g. through cell division) 3. Cells are the basic functional units of living organisms Functions of organelles OrganelleIn business termsFunctions CytoplasmPlace to work-suspends organelles -stores substances that are nee ded for later -many chemic substance reactions take place CytoskeletonPlace to work-transports vesicles and organelles -determines cell shape E. g. while blood cell parts it to reach and swallow bacterium Ribosome/ EnzymesWorkers-makes proteins that enter the ER for modification NucleusThe boss-protects DNA chromosome large continuous piece of DNA, containing many genes -gene many sets of instructions on a chromosome, make functional products -nucleolus region of DNA that codes ribosomes -nuclear pore holes in a nuclear membrane Endoplasmic Reticulum Internal transportation-transports materials through appear the cell with its branching tubes and pockets -brain assists with production, release of hormone -muscles convolute with muscle contraction Golgi ApparatusExports transportation-collect and mathematical process materials to be re make a motiond from the cell -make and secrete mucus Cell MembraneSecurity/ trade/import-support the cell allow some substances to enter while ke eping opposites out (semi-permeable) Chloroplasts Cash flow-absorb decipherable energy for photosynthesis? the process of switch overing atomic number 6 dioxide and water in glucose and oxygen using chlorophyll MitochondriaSpender of cash-make energy available to the cell -contains enzymes? convert stored energy into a easily usable cultivate ( cellular respiration) LysosomesWaste removal/ recycling-digestive system of cell? break down intemperance from both wrong and outside the cell Vacuoles Storage-contain substance, removing unwanted maintaining internal turgor pressure within the cellDifferentiating between plant and animal organelles AnimalsPlants Lysosome present in all animal cells scarcely not allCell Wall provides structural support, prevents cells from rupturing, outside of cell membrane Centrioles involved in cell divisionChloroplasts absorb light energy for photosynthesis? the process of converting carbon dioxide and water in glucose and oxygen using chlorophyl l Vacuole a tract of the cell membrane may turn inside out to form a vacuole to digest the engulfed objectVacuole restrains turgor pressure, much larger Reasons who cells must divide 1.Reproduction -all cells use division to reproduce -single celled organisms split to form new organism (asexual reproduction) -multi celled organisms 2 parental cells combine to form new organism (sexual reproduction) 2. Growth -transport of nutrients and waste across the cell limits cell size (diffusion from highly concentrated areas to start out concentrated areas) -movement of chemical occurs by diffusion? cells farm too large, chemical and water cant move fast -only way to get bigger and still function properly is to add more cells 3. reanimate/Regeneration -needed to stay alive E. g. kin cells replaced day by day, red blood cells replaced incessantly 120 days, breaking bones or cuts and blisters new cells needed to conduct the gaps -replaces lost cells Why do cells specialize? Cells have e xact equivalent DNA in its nucleus? location and chemical messages from separate cells oxygenize certain genes. As a result each cell has a unique function in which they must perform Types of stem cells undifferentiated Totipotent-fertilized eggnic stem cells E. g. zygote ?Completely undifferentiated E. g. cells from first some divisions after fertilization ? contribute become any type ? Destroys the embryo when collected Pluripotent- adult stem cells E. g. trophoblast Already partially differentiated and determined in specific body wanders E. g. bone marrow, umbilical cord ? merchantman become many types, but not all Multipotent ? Can only differentiate into a limited range of cell types Cancer- What and how it forms What When genes that control the duration of interphase get mutations (random changes in DNA code) that causes a cell to pose out of control. As a result it forms a tumor (lumps of cells) that doesnt fully differentiate or function properly, using valuable re sources tumour Types 1. Benign (non-cancerous) cells dont interfere or invade other cells, but large masses can crowd nearby wavers 2.Malignant (cancerous) interferes or invades other cells, nearby tissues and potentially mestasize Mestasize process of cancer cells dividing and going to other places in the body by breaking away from an invasive pristine tumor, forming additional secondary tumors Causes of Cancer 1. Cellular DNA is copied improperly during S phase of cell cycle 2. Environmental mutations caused by carcinogens (E. g. chemicals, energy, some viruses) Methods of screen Cancer -Pap smear (cervical cancer) -Mammogram (breast cancer) -Colonoscopy (colorectal cancer) -PSA blood test (prostate cancer) -Self-ExaminationBiopsy removal of body tissue for laboratory examination (E. g. taken with endoscope) Methods of diagnosing cancer -Endoscopy Camera and tissue extractor -X-ray uses radiations to get images of tissues -Ultrasound uses sound waves to create images of soft t issues -CT/Cat discern Computer Axial Tomography creates . D images MRI Scan magnetic Resonance Imaging creates . D image using magnetic field and radio waves and computer analysis Different methods of treating cancer -Surgery physically removing -Che fetchapy treating with a series of drugs that target rapidly dividing cells -Radiation killing cancer cells with target radiationBiophotonics uses beams of light to detect and treat cancer Different parts of the cell cycle- definition Interphase -period before a cell divides -longest part of the cycle (3/4 of its time) -cell grows, performs daily functions and chromosomes are duplicated S-Stage of Interphase Strands of the SNA are copied but remain attacted to the original protein Mitosis process by which all cells divide (to divide up the DNA that has been copied and create 2 identical cells each with a complete set of chromosomes Prophase duplicated chromosomes shorten and change (chromatin begins to condense by supercoiling, wra pping around protein balls -nuclear membrane starts to dissolve) -spindle fibres (made of microtubles) form -centrioles move to opposite ends (poles of the cell) Metaphase -double marooned chromosomes line up along the equator (middle of the cell) Anaphase -each double stranded chromosome splits and the single stranded chromosomes travel along the spindle fibres to opposite ends of the cell -sister chromatids get pulled apartTelophase -chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell and become longer and gauze-like -new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes -spindle fibres disappear -supercoiled DNA begins to uncoil to form chromatin again Cytokinesis -division of cytoplasm and cellular organelles (pinching aside to form individual cells) Plant cells grow a new cell plate built with proteins to form a new membrane) Result mother cell splits in half to form 2 daughter cells swig the cell cycle