Benchmarking

Is defined by CIMA as The Establishment, through info gathering of targets and comparators, through whose use relative levels of effect (and under execution of instrument) gouge be identified. CIMA, 2008 This definition explains in my mind that bench marking is the comparison of one/ some(prenominal) social clubs comparison of relative factors to anothers. Therefore seeing how a companys best practise differs to your own. There argon several types of benchmarking that a company may use Internal, Functional, Competitive and Strategic.A company may use internal benchmarking to compare different processes at bottom the same departments. If they use functional benchmarking then they are mainly aspect their departments and which runs better regardless of their different outputs. Competitive benchmarking is information gathered nigh direct competitors and finally strategic is a longer term benchmark technique. This is used for companies looking for organisational change.The main advantage for benchmarking is to set the foundation for performance improvement to help better competitors Nayab, 2010 and overall be the best company in the Market place. On the other hand a detriment is how readily available is all the information you require to benchmark? line of reasoning Process Re-engineering Is defined by Drury as examining seam processes and making pregnant changes to how the company operates. Drury C, 2008 BPR is a major tool used by business because they want gains in performance and quality, and they need to cost reductions to strive for lettuce maximisation.When re-engineering processes they look at what has been done and try to improve it. A regular example may be Building a motorcar by hand takes a considerable long time, however if they changed the process to the car being built by a robot, then they could increase performance and quality. However there are many negatives to usage of BPR. It has an uncertain go out because it is an all or noth ing technique (high risk). In addition it is verbalise that

Domestic Violence Case Study

Field Study base of compassion internal hysteria is an issue affecting millions of families. As a result of the increasing incidents of abuse, the number assist centers and outr sever eachy programs have amplified in urban areas. One of the most influential centers a brightenst domestic violence is the abide of pity. realised in 1977 and located in an urban city area, the signal of Ruth offers various serve to women and children who are victims of familial violence.Their mission states, The hearth Of Ruth Maryland leads the fight to end violence against women and their children by confronting the attitudes, behaviors and systems that perpetuate it, and by providing victims with the services necessary to rebuild their lives soundly and free of fear. Our vision is that whiz day, every woman in Maryland will be safe in her own home. (WEBSITE) House of Ruth provides various services to help families rebuild their lives, according to Executive Director Sandi Timmons. Throug h aiding the public in times of shoot, House of Ruth fulfills every level of Maslows hierarchy of require.These needs are embodied by every undivided. The first computer program involves the physiological needs of a person. It includes physical necessities such as food, water, shelter, and so forth House of Ruth provides two types of shelters. The first is an emergency shelter. This accommodation is exposit as, temporary refuge for battered women and their children who are in immediate insecurity or at risk of homicide. There are private bedrooms with bathrooms, a dining room, a kitchen, and a livelihood room. Women and children receive the help they need to remove themselves from hostile situations. The length of stay is based on each womens personal needs. The beginning of their stay is directed towards recovery and preparation their goals, says Timmons, Women then move into the transitional phase where we partner with local businesses to attack starting jobs and secure housing. Therefore, House of Ruth is addressing the physiological needs of the family as well as the second tier of the hierarchy rubber. Needs for safety are met by the familys entrust to protect its members from completely types of danger. textbook) A critical resource provided is a 24 hour hotline that is avail fitted to all persons facing an emergency. This help line is confidential and connects victims with trained counselors. Along with their crisis disturbance training, counselors are satisfactory to provide callers with legal referrals and plans for escaping abuse. Women seek to protect their children from cosmos reared within an abusive environment which exemplifies the concept of safety needs. The medical needs of the women and children living in the shelter are withal addressed.A health clinic is operated by the School of Nursing at John Hopkins University. House of Ruth also addresses the need for protection in the future, after the shelter. They operate the Marj orie Cook Domestic Violence Legal Clinic with a staff of numerous attorneys and paralegals. With this service, a prolific amount of women are helped to obtain protective orders, peace orders, divorce decrees, detention of children, and child support (website) House of Ruth provides a safe oasis for families and medical attention to those battered.The next stage addressed in pyramid of needs is that of social and belonging. When meaningful relationships have been made, members create a loving and accepting atmosphere (Textbook). Escaping any form abusive relationship is traumatizing and is not discriminatory. As Timmons explains, There is no average client. Domestic violence breaks all socioeconomic boundaries. Women living at House of Ruth are encourage to develop relationships with other women within the shelter. Creating connections with others who have the same experiences is vital in gaining back the lost familial atmosphere.Dinners are served family-style to reinforce this concept. Large living rooms are also provided as a gathering start for women to simply enjoy time together watching television and acting games build a key family strength. The staff of House of Ruth consists of licence counselors and therapists. Free group therapy sessions provide support in escaping their once detached lives. In order to capitalize on the counseling resource, women must get it on that they are not alone in their situation (House of Ruth, ). Leaders asseverate that women expound on their situation and exchange support.The root of their relationships comes from the mutual violence endured. By having relatable experiences, deeper connections are made possible. The unique transition programs offered by House of Ruth propel women into becoming self-sufficient. When asked about their transition program, Sandi Timmons stated, By partnering with foreign organizations, we are able to provide women with a stepping stone to rebuilding their lives. Outsourcing helps u s find starting jobs for women. When women are given an opportunity to support themselves sort of of their abusers, they are overcome with confidence.The belief of independence is instilled within women when they are able to provide for their families. Transitional housing offers apartments with supported rent to improve a families monetary condition. Women must stay a minimum of six months in the confidentially located rooms to ensure every victims safety. The stress of constantly struggling to pay for housing is relieved by this resource. Women and children would be frozen within the circular-traditional model of time if transitional services were not provided.Instead of barely meeting the financial demands of housing, women are assisted and able to provide for their family. Eventually, women are able to support themselves without outside assistance. It is evident in all aspects of life that when independence is gained, so is the confidence in oneself. egotism is built through the transition program women are able to gain the respect that was lost in their abusive relationship. All of the services provided by House of Ruth help women in having a better feel of reaching the uppermost tier of the hierarchy self-actualism.Though some critics argue that score self-actualization is impossible, women are given a better opportunity to attempt. Self-actualization is reaching an individuals full potential and acquiring a sort of self-fulfillment. Psychologist Abraham Maslow describes it as, the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is resourceful of becoming (Cherry, ). Though total self-actualism may not be reached, House of Ruth propels women forward to become their own person. An overall happier life is entailed victims tummy build their own attitudes.Women may develop personalities and characteristics that were not possible earlier to living in the shelter. Creativity, spontaneity, and lack of prejudice are some traits that send packing be gained. House of Ruth is an extraordinary organization. Their resources provide endless opportunities for women to phone number their lives around. Domestic violence takes away a families independence and the shelter offers an blowhole to restore family strengths commitment, spiritual well-being, affection, enjoyable time together, stress management, and positive communion (textbook). Those affected by familial abuse have an ccessible treatment initiation and escape from aggressive situations. The services provided by House of Ruth are essential in decreasing the numbers of battered women who are left feeling helpless. The availability of each resource allows women to feel as if they ever have a place to go. Works Cited (2010). House of Ruth Maryland. House of Ruth Inc. http//www. hruth. org/ Cheery, K. (2011). What Is Self Actualization http//psychology. about. com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/hierarchyneeds_2. htm Moore, T. J. & Assay, S. (2008). Family R esource Management. one thousand Oaks, California Sage Publications.

Business Ethics Term Paper Essay

So how did exclusively of this contaminant develop? One of the ways that Walmart has caused so much pollution is from their increased travel of customers and delivery trucks. Other pollution causes atomic number 18 non-point source water pollution, sprawl and auto pollution, and thither is a large amount of energy use exit on in the comp all. And maculation there ar arguments nigh how Walmart is being reckless with the environment, there is also roughly untroubled that Walmart is trying to do regarding the environment.While Walmart whitethorn not be as businesslike as it would like to be when dealings with the environment they atomic number 18 trying to take steps towards it to form sure they be complying with all of the environmental standards. Walmart has a goal to be supplied 100% by renew suit equal energy, to create zero waste, and to try to sell products that sustain citizenry and the environment. These are some possible resolutions to this let out. A website t hat I found interesting pertaining to this was www. walmartwatch. com.The website states that its mission is to hold Walmart fully accountable for its impingement on communities, the Ameri chiffonier workforce, the retail sector, the environment and the nations preservation. I speak up honourablely this is a satisfactory thing for someone to commemorate back such a large accomp either accountable for what it does. The next estimable issue that I came across was how Walmart exploits its workers and suppliers. Walmart is the worlds largest retail application only if it seems that they fail to use this for the sober of its employees. According to Walmart watch the just pay a sales associate swal humbles for being employed at Walmart is $8. 1 an hour. That comes to about $15,500 a year which is based on a full time status there of 34 hours. And most of the employees at Walmart arent even full time employees most of it is part-time jobs which crystalises their yearbook s alary even less. The problem that nation develop with this is that Walmart could be paid its employees more than they do now and this is where the respectable dilemma comes into play. The problem people may present with this is that in 2010 Walmarts chief executive officer Mike true 18. 7 jillion in total compensation. Walmart has also cut two of its longest standing benefits for employees.The first one that got cut was its profit overlap program, and the some other one that got cut was that as of 2011, no new employees would all extra an hour for their work on Sundays. Another problem that arises with evolution is that Walmart has unfair l invariablyage on their suppliers and forces supplier outsourcing. On the other location of this issue is that Walmart does a fair job in providing employment. Walmart employs 2. 1 million associates worldwide. This is a good thing that Walmart provides so m whatsoever jobs especially in a tough economy. swell up-nigh would argue that it has positive effects on our economy.It seems that everywhere I read that the negatives of employment at Walmart overpower the good. And because of this it is an honourable concern. I count that some of the possible resolutions would be to raise the lock for the employees so that they could be able to afford more. Also they should gather in unbroken their employee benefits that they cut. While Walmart may not take care of its employees as salubrious as they should, there is in truth not argument for their corporate philanthropy. close to of the things they have done is that they donated approximately $800 million in value in 2011 and were name the biggest cash contributor by Chronicle ofPhilanthropy. Walmart also gave a $2 billion commitment to serve end hunger in America. Walmart seems to be doing a very good job in dealing with its philanthropic responsibilities. Another moral principleal issue that I am going to discuss is the issue of Walmart being a monopoly and how because of this it is destroying other business most it. The rationalness people gestate that Walmart is a monopoly is that it owns the majority of the market shares. The reason people call this is because it is the largest in the world in sales by 50% more than its 5 closest competitors combined which includes Target and Sears Holding.Some reasons that it is considered to be a monopoly is that it dwarfs its competition and it affects the products prices and its choices. Walmart has the power to control prices or to get rid of the competition because of it. Walmarts revenue $404 billion compared to other businesses is so much higher. For example, Macys brings in $25 billion in revenues while Sears brings in $46 billion. Because of Walmarts large size and its buying power, Walmart is able to buy their products at very embarrassed prices. Walmart is able to strong subsection its suppliers because of its ability to influence it.And while this may be a good thing for Walma rt and the people that shop there, how does it affect other businesses in the theatre? Many people claim that the size of Walmart is hurting white leash businesses. Almost all businesses, big or small are squeeze by what Walmart does. Walmarts competitors are often forced to lower their prices because of Walmarts ability to keep them so low and because these businesses arent as juicy as Walmart, they are often closed because of the lack of profit. The final ethical issue that comes up when talking about Walmart is the affect of Walmarts low prices.Like stated above a consequence of the low prices are that it basis destroy jobs but it also give notice affect the suppliers wampum because of Walmarts ability to force suppliers to go down on their prices. Because of these low prices thousands of manufacturing jobs have been moved overseas. An article that was written by Emer Basker talks about Walmart and if it is creating jobs or is it destroying jobs and also about the labor ma rket effects on Walmart expansion. And on the other side of this issue the lower prices can be beneficial.Walmarts slogan is saving money so people can live better. Yes the lower costs help people save money, but at what cost? According to forbes. com, Walmart is actually good for the economy. The lower prices that Walmart can offer to the public ends up benefiting everyone. An exchange of goods at low prices benefits everyone. counterbalance though Walmart low prices seem to benefit everyone it still doesnt have a very good reputation with the public. In a survey done that I found on forbes. com, 24% of Americans depend the company is bad for the economy, and 31% had an unfavorable view of it.So what are the stakeholders that are affected by all of these ethical issues? Some of the major stakeholders of Walmart are the owners of Walmart and the CEO, the employees and managers, and suppliers. Some of the secondary stakeholders would be other businesses and customers. Owners would have the most power, legitimacy, and urgency. The CEO and other owners would have the most power to get something done. They would be able to affect the business because they own the majority of the market share. They would also have the highest legitimacy all of the things they say will be heard and taken care of.They would have the highest urgency in that they would get the businesses immediate attention. I dont think that if any resolutions of the issues above would have any effect on the power, legitimacy, and urgency of the CEO or the owners. The employees and managers would have a lot less of the power. By doing research on this topic it seems to me that the employees arent really treated that well and that they really dont have that much power. Its the same for legitimacy and urgency in that they really dont have much of that either.I dont think that Walmart really takes into play the employees very much as stakeholders and if the employees ever wanted to get something chan ged they would have a hard time doing so because of their low power, legitimacy, and urgency. I dont think that resolving any of the issues above would affect the employees as stakeholders. Some of the secondary stakeholders are other businesses and customers. I think first that the other businesses have absolutely no(prenominal) of the three. Walmart has dwarfed the competition so much that they could do nothing to affect any finale that Walmart would make.I think the customers have at least a little bit of power. They are the ones buying the product so if they joint their displeasure with something past they may be able to get something done. Its the same with urgency and legitimacy. Some activist hosts like the Walmartwatchers. org group king have some power to get something accomplished. They are able to keep Walmart accountable for what they do by keeping track of everything Walmart does. Walmartwatchers. org keeps track of all of the facts on Walmart like their community impact, environmental records, and workplace conditions.I think that because of this they may have some sort of power in fashioning things happen within the business. I think that Walmart uses a utilitarianism approach when it looks at what its doing. Utilitarianism says that the silk hat course of action to take is one that provides the great good for the superlative number. The attractiveness of utilitarianism is that it makes the decision maker, in this case Walmart, to think about the general welfare. Utilitarianism takes the approach to think in stakeholder terms. They look at owners, employees, customers, and other stakeholders and they see what is best for them and for the company.I think Walmart uses this approach because it is the best way for them to make a profit. By looking at the greatest good for the greatest number they are able to do what they do even though it may not be popular to some people. The only problem with the utilitarianism approach is that it may co me into conflict with justice. pack think that an increase in total good is not good because it does not take into account any distribution of good. Another ethical approach that I think Walmart uses is the market ethic approach.The market ethic says that selfish action in the marketplace is virtuous because they contribute to efficient operation of the economy. Decision makers might take selfish actions in edict for them to make a persona gain in their business dealings. I think that Walmart could use this ethical approach because I think they are selfish in their thinking in that if it causes personal gain indeed it doesnt matter if it is selfish or not. As far as the ethical tests go, I think an important ethical test that could be considered would be the test of making something public.This test asks if you would still make the decision even if you know that everyone would be able to see it. This test addresses the issue of whether or not your decision could take scrutiny fro m the public. I think Walmart should use this ethical test as a way to help them make decisions. They could use this test in almost all of the issues that were mentioned above. If they would make public about how they were dealing with the environment or how they were dealing with their employees then I think it would help them make better decisions. So how can you look at this with a spiritual perspective?I think as Christians we need to look at what Walmart is doing and look at it done our Christina worldview. I think that some of the things that Walmart does like not taking care of the environment as well as they should and not treating their employees as well as they should go against what is found in the Bible. The Bible says to be good stewards of earth and it also talks a lot about treating people fairly. So how should a Christian seek to resolve these issues? I think that trying to resolve it by yourself would be very difficult if not impossible to get anything done.I think that by forming an activist group with other believers you could get you point out better than if you were trying to do it alone. Ultimately after doing research on Walmart, I think that Walmart has a lot to fix. But I also think that Walmart is beneficial to the economy and it doing a good job with supplying its low prices to people. It just inescapably to be careful that it does not become a monopoly and destroy jobs and other businesses around it. In my opinion I think Walmart is a good company that is doing a lot to help the economy.

Grade 10 Cells and Cell Specialization Review

Cells, Cell Division, and Cell Specialization rudimentaryally Different Types of Cell Prokaryotic Cell- single electric mobile phonephonephoneed only desoxyribonucleic acid+ social structure (before center) E. g. zygote-complete deoxyribonucleic acid Eukaryotic Cell-multi-celled (after nucleus) ProkaryotesEukaryotes DNAIn nucleoid regionWithin membrane-bound nucleus ChromosomesSingle, circularMultiple, linear OrganellesNoneMembrane-bound organelles SizeUsually smallerUsually larger- 50 times OrganizationUsually single-celledOften multicellular Sexual ReproductionNoneMeiosis Combination of DMA from 2 cells 3 postulates of cell theory (Created by Schleiden, Schwann) . All living things atomic number 18 composed of cells 2. All cells from pre-existing cells (e. g. through cell division) 3. Cells are the basic functional units of living organisms Functions of organelles OrganelleIn business termsFunctions CytoplasmPlace to work-suspends organelles -stores substances that are nee ded for later -many chemic substance reactions take place CytoskeletonPlace to work-transports vesicles and organelles -determines cell shape E. g. while blood cell parts it to reach and swallow bacterium Ribosome/ EnzymesWorkers-makes proteins that enter the ER for modification NucleusThe boss-protects DNA chromosome large continuous piece of DNA, containing many genes -gene many sets of instructions on a chromosome, make functional products -nucleolus region of DNA that codes ribosomes -nuclear pore holes in a nuclear membrane Endoplasmic Reticulum Internal transportation-transports materials through appear the cell with its branching tubes and pockets -brain assists with production, release of hormone -muscles convolute with muscle contraction Golgi ApparatusExports transportation-collect and mathematical process materials to be re make a motiond from the cell -make and secrete mucus Cell MembraneSecurity/ trade/import-support the cell allow some substances to enter while ke eping opposites out (semi-permeable) Chloroplasts Cash flow-absorb decipherable energy for photosynthesis? the process of switch overing atomic number 6 dioxide and water in glucose and oxygen using chlorophyll MitochondriaSpender of cash-make energy available to the cell -contains enzymes? convert stored energy into a easily usable cultivate ( cellular respiration) LysosomesWaste removal/ recycling-digestive system of cell? break down intemperance from both wrong and outside the cell Vacuoles Storage-contain substance, removing unwanted maintaining internal turgor pressure within the cellDifferentiating between plant and animal organelles AnimalsPlants Lysosome present in all animal cells scarcely not allCell Wall provides structural support, prevents cells from rupturing, outside of cell membrane Centrioles involved in cell divisionChloroplasts absorb light energy for photosynthesis? the process of converting carbon dioxide and water in glucose and oxygen using chlorophyl l Vacuole a tract of the cell membrane may turn inside out to form a vacuole to digest the engulfed objectVacuole restrains turgor pressure, much larger Reasons who cells must divide 1.Reproduction -all cells use division to reproduce -single celled organisms split to form new organism (asexual reproduction) -multi celled organisms 2 parental cells combine to form new organism (sexual reproduction) 2. Growth -transport of nutrients and waste across the cell limits cell size (diffusion from highly concentrated areas to start out concentrated areas) -movement of chemical occurs by diffusion? cells farm too large, chemical and water cant move fast -only way to get bigger and still function properly is to add more cells 3. reanimate/Regeneration -needed to stay alive E. g. kin cells replaced day by day, red blood cells replaced incessantly 120 days, breaking bones or cuts and blisters new cells needed to conduct the gaps -replaces lost cells Why do cells specialize? Cells have e xact equivalent DNA in its nucleus? location and chemical messages from separate cells oxygenize certain genes. As a result each cell has a unique function in which they must perform Types of stem cells undifferentiated Totipotent-fertilized eggnic stem cells E. g. zygote ?Completely undifferentiated E. g. cells from first some divisions after fertilization ? contribute become any type ? Destroys the embryo when collected Pluripotent- adult stem cells E. g. trophoblast Already partially differentiated and determined in specific body wanders E. g. bone marrow, umbilical cord ? merchantman become many types, but not all Multipotent ? Can only differentiate into a limited range of cell types Cancer- What and how it forms What When genes that control the duration of interphase get mutations (random changes in DNA code) that causes a cell to pose out of control. As a result it forms a tumor (lumps of cells) that doesnt fully differentiate or function properly, using valuable re sources tumour Types 1. Benign (non-cancerous) cells dont interfere or invade other cells, but large masses can crowd nearby wavers 2.Malignant (cancerous) interferes or invades other cells, nearby tissues and potentially mestasize Mestasize process of cancer cells dividing and going to other places in the body by breaking away from an invasive pristine tumor, forming additional secondary tumors Causes of Cancer 1. Cellular DNA is copied improperly during S phase of cell cycle 2. Environmental mutations caused by carcinogens (E. g. chemicals, energy, some viruses) Methods of screen Cancer -Pap smear (cervical cancer) -Mammogram (breast cancer) -Colonoscopy (colorectal cancer) -PSA blood test (prostate cancer) -Self-ExaminationBiopsy removal of body tissue for laboratory examination (E. g. taken with endoscope) Methods of diagnosing cancer -Endoscopy Camera and tissue extractor -X-ray uses radiations to get images of tissues -Ultrasound uses sound waves to create images of soft t issues -CT/Cat discern Computer Axial Tomography creates . D images MRI Scan magnetic Resonance Imaging creates . D image using magnetic field and radio waves and computer analysis Different methods of treating cancer -Surgery physically removing -Che fetchapy treating with a series of drugs that target rapidly dividing cells -Radiation killing cancer cells with target radiationBiophotonics uses beams of light to detect and treat cancer Different parts of the cell cycle- definition Interphase -period before a cell divides -longest part of the cycle (3/4 of its time) -cell grows, performs daily functions and chromosomes are duplicated S-Stage of Interphase Strands of the SNA are copied but remain attacted to the original protein Mitosis process by which all cells divide (to divide up the DNA that has been copied and create 2 identical cells each with a complete set of chromosomes Prophase duplicated chromosomes shorten and change (chromatin begins to condense by supercoiling, wra pping around protein balls -nuclear membrane starts to dissolve) -spindle fibres (made of microtubles) form -centrioles move to opposite ends (poles of the cell) Metaphase -double marooned chromosomes line up along the equator (middle of the cell) Anaphase -each double stranded chromosome splits and the single stranded chromosomes travel along the spindle fibres to opposite ends of the cell -sister chromatids get pulled apartTelophase -chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell and become longer and gauze-like -new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes -spindle fibres disappear -supercoiled DNA begins to uncoil to form chromatin again Cytokinesis -division of cytoplasm and cellular organelles (pinching aside to form individual cells) Plant cells grow a new cell plate built with proteins to form a new membrane) Result mother cell splits in half to form 2 daughter cells swig the cell cycle

Samsung Introduction

Founded Samsung Introduction-2 Important back breakers, 1970s subsidized, In 1938, Samsung began as a sm every(prenominal) commerce trading produce and consumer goods. Almost 70 years later, Samsung has transformed itself into a world(a) powerhouse whose superior products and services now range from semiconductors and LNG ships to finely chemicals and financial services, just to name a few. 1938-1970 Samsung Beginning On display 1, 1938, founding chairman Byung-Chull Lee started a business in Taegu, Korea with 30,000 won (South Korean currency).At first, Mr. Lees little business was primarily in trade export, marketing dried Korean fish, vegetables, and fruit to Manchuria and Beijing. But in just all over a decade, SAMSUNG meaning literally three stars in Korean would bemuse its own flour mills and confectionery machines, its own manufacturing and sales operations, and in the long run become the roots of the modern world(prenominal) corporation that still bears the same n ame today. 969-SAMSUNG-S whatsoevero Electronics established (Renamed SAMSUNG Electro-Mechanics in demo 1975 and merged with SAMSUNG Electronics in March 1977) 1969-SAMSUNG Electronics Manufacturing in somaticd (Renamed SAMSUNG Electronics in February 1984) 1970-1980 Samsung Industrial Era Throughout the 1970s, SAMSUNG laid the strategical metrical units for its future egress by investing in the heavy, chemical, and petrochemical industries.The companys abet Five-Year heed Plan, announced in August 1973, targeted these industries and also introduced SAMSUNG to the shipbuilding industry another(prenominal) burst of growth for SAMSUNG came from the burgeoning home electronics business. SAMSUNG Electronics, already a major shaper in the domestic (Korean) market, began to export its products for the first time during this period. Another authoritative victimisation was SAMSUNGs 1974 acquisition of a 50 percent stake in Korea semiconducting material, further consolidate SAMSUNG Electronics reign as a leader in semiconductor manufacturing. 980-1990 Entering the global engineering science marketplace The late 70s and primaeval 80s represented a time of increasing diversification and global growth for Samsungs core technology businesses. In 1978, SAMSUNG Semiconductor and SAMSUNG Electronics became separate entities as impertinently products were introduced to the global market. SAMSUNG Precision Company (established in 1977) laid the foundation in another heights-tech industry aerospace.Renamed SAMSUNG Aerospace Industries in February 1987 (now known as SAMSUNG Techwin), SAMSUNG has been developing its aerospace capabilities with unprecedented speed ever since. Future plans include the development of future space stations and even space facilities for the Moon and damage in the early 21st century. SAMSUNGs increasing focus on technology led to another key development in the mid-80s with the creation of the companys deuce Research & vitamin A Developm ent institutes, SAMSUNG Economic Research Institute (SERI) in 1986.SAMSUNG Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT) in 1987. Together, these two pioneering R&D organizations have helped SAMSUNG expand its reach even further into electronics, semiconductors, high polymer chemicals, genetic engineering, optical telecommunications, aerospace and new fields of technology innovation from nanotechnology to ripe network architectures. On November 19, 1987, SAMSUNGs founding Chairman Byung-Chull Lee passed away later on almost fifty years at the helm of the company. His son, Kun-Hee Lee succeeded him as the new Chairman.On the 50th anniversary of SAMSUNGs founding in 1988, he announced the Second Foundation of the company, directing SAMSUNGs growth towards becoming a initiatory 21st century corporation. For this Second Foundation, SAMSUNG challenged itself to re building old businesses and enter new ones with the aim of becoming one of the worlds top five electronics companies. The merg er of SAMSUNG Electronics and SAMSUNG Semiconductor & Telecommunications was un interrogationedly a key strategic moment in the progress towards this goal.For the first time in the groups history, SAMSUNG was now in a position to maximize its technological resources and develop value-added products. 1990-1997 Leaping onto the Global re-create New management Era New Management is more than a mere re-engineering of SAMSUNG but rather an entire revolution dedicated to fashioning world-class products, providing total customer satisfaction, and being a good corporate citizen. In retrospect, New Management was a decisive turning point for SAMSUNG, the moment when the entire company was repositioned on the basis of Quality first. During this period, 17 different products from semiconductors to computer monitors, TFT-LCD screens to color picture tubes leaped into the ranks of the top five products for global market sh atomic number 18 in their respective areas. There is no doubt that part of SAMSUNGs success in these areas is due to its rigorous enforcement of part get a line at all its plants across the world.? Thanks to the Line Stop system, any employee can shut down the assembly line when inferior products are discovered.Production is simply halted until the problem is solved. SAMSUNG also adheres to the Six Sigma concept of total quality management. 1997-2000 Digital Frontier 1997 was a dark year for nearly all of Korea. That year, nearly all companies in Korea shrank. SAMSUNG was no exception. The company restructured by trim back the number of its affiliated companies to 45, decreasing personnel by almost 50,000, and modify the soundness of its financial structure.Although the news was bleak, SAMSUNG was one of the few companies able to delay growing thanks to its leadership in digital and network technologies, and its ravisher concentration on electronics, finances, and related services. 2000-Present Pioneering the Digital Age With the start of th e second millennium, SAMSUNG begins its second century. The digital age has brought revolutionary opportunities and changes to global business. The SAMSUNG Group has responded to these changes and is shortly upgrading its business structure, management perspective, and corporate culture to meet global standards.Our commission of being Worlds Best has won us the number one global market share for thirteen of our products. We succeeded in achieving the global competitiveness through with(predicate) continually improving our financial structure and profitability, as we examine the structure of our own organization. The quick pace of our development is reflected in our management philosophical system We will devote our human resources and technology to create superior products and services, thereby contributing to a better global society.

Hostel Life Essay

After completing Class 10 or 12, it may be time for you to move out of the comfortable verge of home into a hostel, if you argon attending a college located outlying(prenominal) away from your hometown. Hostel feel is almost a jibe culture, an be that get tos you out of your comfort zone and exposes you to several experiences. Living by several(prenominal) stringent rules is one of them. Getting to know a host of students from diverse backgrounds at very close quarters, is an new(prenominal). Read on for an insight into this parallel life. Hostel life is a very memorable period in ones life, solely due to lack of fellowship or a casual attitude or irresponsible behaviour, you may prevail problems of adjustment to the hostel environment, which send word affect your studies and career.This is the stage where you have to take care of yourself. From childhood, parents take care of children in every possible way, but while staying away from home and parents, you have to own up for your actions and their consequences, and incur responsible for making the most of the opportunity available to enhance your knowledge as well as take the initiative for your personality build upment. At Management Development Institute (MDI), these are the two crucial days of student life before entering the workforce and one call for to consider it as an investment in ones future. So, deliver yourself with the rules, regulations and norms of the institute and seek guidance from the faculty.The 3 Ds of hostel life Discipline Duty DevotionYour hostel is a place where you can learn a lot of things including how to conduct yourself. Students are expected to quest for these rules when they join the hostel 1. First and foremost, all students are expected to familiarize themselves with the hostel rules and regulations. Lack of awareness about the rules will not be seen as a reason for not following them. 2. You will select to share your board with another student and you h ave to adjust with distributively other. 3. Following hostel rules and timings is a must. Any violation can extend in strict action being taken by the wardens. 4. Students are not allowed to leave the hostel after a certain time, and this is to be followed very strictly.5. Keeping in touch with your parents will ensure that you jadet feel homesick. 6. Give the phone numbers of your roommates and some other friends to your parents on with the hostel contact number, so that your parents can get data about you in case your number is not reachable. 7. If your roommates intentionally derange you while compositioning, try and make them understand this. If this does not work, bring it to the nock of the hostel warden at the earliest. 8. Be friendly and helpful to other hostel members.9. Participate in functions or programmes organised in the hostel. You will develop your friend circle and extra-curricular activities. 10. If your seniors ask you to introduce yourself to them, cooper ate if it is in the pump of fun and not harassment. If they try to trouble you physically or mentally, directly speak to the warden. 11. Give priority to your studies. Remember your parents have let you to study outside because they trust you. 12. Try to maintain a healthy birth with other students. Never interfere in others personal matters.13. Bring along these things mattress, towels, soap and shampoo. They are usually not offered by the hostels. 14. Learning cultures unrivaled feature of hostel life is you must learn to share your room with a person from another state or region. This can be a real learning experience. There may be initial adjustment problems, but gradually you learn about other cultures. 15. stomach but not the least avoid carrying valuable things as you exclusively will be responsible for their safety.

Oedipus: A Tragic Hero or Not? Essay

Oedipus is definitely a tragic hero. In Aristotles theory he talks ab disclose the ways you become a tragic hero. The first thing that happened to Oedipus is the the reverse gear of fortune leading up to a final recognition. In the story this happens man times, When he is a baby he was send to the commode to be killed which would be a misfortune. A shepherd comes up to the business deal and saves him by bringing him back to Corinth. Oedipus kills his biological father. Later in life Oedipus solves the riddle of the sphinx and becomes the town hero. The next thing that happens would be when Oedipus finds tabu that he married his mom and killed his father which was what he was trying to check-out procedure away from his whole life.A nonher trait that a Tragic champ has is experiences heavy suffering. Oedipus suffers many times in this play. When Oedipus was on top of the mountain his parents put some type of metal pipe in his feet so he could not walk. Oedipus must wealthy pers on snarl pain there. stirred up wise when he found out the king and queen of Corinth were not his parents he must urinate felt pain. When he found out he killed his biological father he must strike felt pain and when he found his wife/mother hanging he felt pain. When Oedipus looks back at all the tragedies in his life you give the gate see that he had heavy suffering throughout his entire life.The pop off thing that can be a characteristic of a tragic hero is when his misfortune is brought about by error of judgement. This also happens a lot in the story Oedipus Rex. The fist error of judgement in my opinion would be when Jocasta and her husband decide to put Oedipus on the mountain instead of killing him right on the spot. If they would have none of this would have happened.Another misfortune by error of judgement would be when he killedhis father. He and his gang of thugs killed the king and most of his men. Why did he have to do it? That death was cause for no real reason turn out for money and he could have escaped the prophecy if he would have stopped killing for money. These are the errors of judgement in Oedipus Rex.

Understanding Deviance and the Criminal Justice System

Deviance has been peerless of the most app bent behaviors or actions of people who rate and engage themselves in violent crimes. By exhaustively understanding its delineated characterization in John J. Macionis Sociology, this behavior in most cases violates the established cultural norms which include lawfully enacted rules and even escaped defiance of cordial customs (Chapter 9). The criminal justice brass incessantly reforms its standards and practices to efficiently primary(prenominal)tain social control and crime to carry go forth proper sanctioning of people who infringe the law.The foremost goal of from each one societys correctional theory is to furnish preclusion to the pervert behaviors of some citizens. The success of the current criminal justice organisation has been in great argument due to the fact that several people who had fatigued some time in state prison or dawdle did non change their whole existence to the betterment of themselves and the society. The correctional system faces diverse recurrences and challenges in organizing and operating jails in coping up to the to a higher place concerns.The facilities and design of the prison are very signifi finisht to exhibit a detention cell that can accommodate the necessities of the prisoners but as well as do incarceration and imprisonment to the highest train. Though, modern prison cells and jails are now trained to progressively prohibit the movements of the prisoners in the facility while providing utmost level of direct custody, the overcapacity of prisoners give way to the utilization of other large buildings care gymnasiums to house huge number of wrongdoers which almost establish likely as dormitories or else than prisons.This might be seen as a straight face-off to the punishment that the law offenders should received, and so make them realize that jail is non as strict and as firm as it should be and expiry back to such state is non hard to accept when they co mmit another(prenominal) crime. Due to the possibility of former convicted people to do another offense once freed, the rehabilitation program has been sought as one of the major reforms to adhere at this moment. Efforts could greatly be provided to the reformation of not only the punishable system but the individuals themselves.Successful and effectual imprisonment course of instruction decreases the likelihood of another wrongdoing or recidivism in the future (Andrews and Bonta, 2003). This would too bestow a goal which will fix the deficiencies in the offender and bring them back to the society as a more fatty citizen. Moreover, the rehabilitation program will provide the prisoners with work skills education, proper decorousness lessons and self discipline which will equip them with the most appropriate social skills when they step out of detention.Hirchis Control Theory discusses four main social controls that can be attached to the rehabilitation program. He conferred hale social attachments promote conformity. The more the offenders get access to the justifiable and consistent opportunity, the greater the possibility of conformity. Deviance can be inhibited through and through extensive participation in legitimate activities. Deviance can be controlled through sturdy belief in conventional respect and righteousness for the authority (qtd. in Macionis, Chapter 9).Rehabilitation theories, however, received many arguments that need to be address when pursued and mainly incorporated to the penal system. One main issue is the non-availability of scientific research in determining the reaction levels of individuals who will bear the rehabilitation. This is important in determining the success rate of the rehabilitation scheme. some other concern being raised is the method or philosophy to be utilized for the offender. Resources and funds for the program appear to be too pricey and complicated to successfully implement.The complexities of the processe s to be used are also being questioned. This is because a modification in the values or behavior of the offenders can traumatically change the behavioral structure of the individual. Though there are assuage many quandaries being raised, the rehabilitation reform can be do in the penal system with appropriate resources. Studies should also be create in answering the queries being raised by people who believe that extending sentences and making the detention cells and prisons a less desirable place than it is today.The intimidation of crime through a more rigid and strict penal system is a broader path to take by the authorities rather than the rehabilitation program. This is because while offenders may have committed heinous or violent crimes, they are still human beings with rights to take in term at all times. Despite the fact that, prisoners are deprived of freedom, they are still fully entitled to their human rights.Furthermore, the criminal justice systems main objective is defined by the Presidents Commission as a stand for the society to enforce the standards of hold necessary to protect individuals and the community. Prison reform is far from being over. succession crime is prevalent, a more effective penal system should also be utilized. The legal and penal system of a society provides a gauge into the governments law and order to include morality, it is perpetually best to seek reform for the betterment of the offenders rather than harder punishments that callous not only their individuality but also their souls.

Synthesis And Characterization Of Strontium Ferrite Environmental Sciences Essay

atomic number 38 ferrite is a ferro attractorized kibosh and describe as keeping hexagonal magnetoplum slite eventcast ( M-type ) whirl. It is the most widely apply pertinacious magnets d matchlessout the universe, which account for slightly 90wt % of the yearly production of durable magnets. In this check over, the emerituserferrite is synthesized utilizing sol-colloidal gel methods and the magnetised belongingss were analyzed.Chapter 1 gave de that about the construction of M-type hexagonal olderferrite. Besides, some ordinary charismatic belongingss will be discussed. Commercial applications of Sr ferrite would be discussed every(prenominal)(a)(prenominal) bit strong.Chapter 2 is alto look ather about the experimental within informations, including the synthetical proficiencys utilize for Sr ferrite, description of instrument utilise and processs carried out.Chapter 3 severe on the consequences on charismatic susceptibility of hexagonal Sr ferrite. analogy between Sr ferrite and cation-substituted Sr ferrite was made.Chapter 4 concluded the whole probe of this survey. Suggestions for future surveies were at any rate discussed. Better apprehension of the belongingss and practical applications of Sr ferrite stop be achieved through this survey.AbstractionThe belongingss of magnetoplumbite type ( M-type ) hexangular Sr ferrite has been investigated. The effort of heterotaxy of Co ( II ) oxide and Ti ( IV ) oxide in magnitude to perplex forward a quaternate system of the type SrO-Fe2O3-XO where hug drug-spot pay offs the dopant cation was made. The implication is based on sol-gel method where ethene ethylene glycol is the gel precursor. This technique was use because it was found to be able to bring forth nanoparticles of cation substituted Sr ferrite. Furthermore, sol-gel method eject bring forth steep outputs of Sr ferrite atoms.Over each, the magnetized belongingss were observed to be alteproportionn aft(preno minal) the cation switching. Co ( II ) -Ti ( IV ) substitution in SrFe12O19 with different ratios were made in this survey to looking at into the consequence of cation exchange in magnetised belongingss of Sr ferrite. Co ( II ) -Ti ( IV ) surrogate in Sr ferrite with bulwark ratio of 0.4 showed the dress hat charismatic belongingss that we desired for. The host susceptibleness where X = 0.4 was found to be increase aggressively comp bed to the unsubstituted 1. Except the Co Ti permutation with groine ratio of 0.4, some other cation permutation ratios showed less(prenominal)ening in bunch susceptibleness which is non desirable. thence the cobalt-titanium permutation for SrCoxTixFe12-2xO19 with X = 0.4 is the beat out to better magnetized belongingss of Sr ferrite for assorted commercial applications.ReappraisalStrontium ferrite has been a topic of continual involvement and in exsive survey for several decennaries due to the fact that this fuse has been the the m ost widely utilize lasting magnets, which account for approximately 90wt % of the one-year production of lasting magnets since shortly later its find in the fiftiess. Strontium hexaferrite, SrFe12O19, is a ferrimagnet and is likewise known as ceramic lasting magnet. When comp ard with alnico-magnets, Sr ferrite has undecomposed(prenominal) coercivity, moderate remenance, corrosion opposition and first-class chemical constancy 5 . agitate ( leash ) oxide ( Fe2O3 ) is the chief constituents in SrFe12O19 which portrays turn out to its magnetised belongingss. Within the five different cryst entirelyizinglisationlo interpretic sites of Sr ferrite, the Fe ions atomic number 18 pair antiferro magnetizedally. Due to its naughty magneto perspicuous anisotropy field in its construction, SrFe12O19 let ons full(prenominal) saturation magnetized in cardinalsity and lofty coercivity 1 . The mellow magnetized permeableness in Sr ferrite enables it to hive absent strong magnetized Fieldss, which is stronger than Fe. Strontium ferrite is frequently produced as nanoscale size pulverization, which can be sintered into solidity nucleuss.Strontium ferrite has been use for several of import industrial applications, much(prenominal) as lasting magnets, microwave devices and advanced parsimony upright incoming media, with proper doping in put in to better belongingss of Sr ferrite 1 . SrFe12O19 has besides been investigated as a fair for magnetized recording and magneto-optical recording and for long ( millimeter ) -wave devices 2 . Attempts labor a trend made to the development of fresh man-made methods which facilitate the production of all business hexangular ferrite atoms and to possible commissions of cut toss off their high intrinsic magnetocrystalline anisotropy.The aim in this survey was to try the tax write-off of cation substituted M-type hexangular ferrite SrCoxTixFe12-2xO19 utilizing the sol-gel method. The sol-gel method h as been used widely to bring forth all right atoms of a assortment of oxides. The consequence of doping Sr ferrite with Co ( II ) and Ti ( IV ) oxides to bring forth quaternate systems of SrO-Fe2O3-XO, where Ten represents the dopant cation would be tested. The all right atoms of cation substituted ferrite produced by utilizing sol-gel technique is desirable because the particle size of the deflects used in magnetic recording is the chief factor finding the tier of background noise at low niggardness. magnetized belongingss of Sr ferrite would be focus in this survey. magnetized susceptibleness balance would be used to find the plentitude susceptibleness for dickens strontium ferrite and cation-substituted Sr ferrite produced utilizing the sol-gel method. The potbelly susceptiblenesss of the try ons were comp ard to find the optimal consorterness of cation infallible to dope to ferrite to give the outflank magnetic behavior.CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF M-TYPE HEXAGONAL SrFe12O 19Harmonizing to crystalline construction, hexaferrite can be classify into four types, these include M, W, Y and Z types hexaferrites which correspond to ( SrO + MeO ) Fe2O3 ratios of 16, 38, 46 and 512 severally. SrFe12O19 is classified as M-type hexaferrite.The hexangular SrFe12O19 was foremost prepared by AdelskA?old in 1938 2 . He besides confirmed that the crystal construction of this compound to be iso-structural with the of itinerary happening ferrite mineral magnetoplumbite, and thence it has the M-type construction. Subsequently structural polishs for Sr hexaferrite imbibe confirmed his finding 2 . Strontium ferrite is classified as hexangular ferrite. It is denoted as holding the infinite group P63/mmc. Harmonizing to the research made by Kimura et Al, the lattice parametric quantities measured are found to be a = 0.588 36nm and c = 2.303 76nm at room temperature 2 .As shown for M-type hexaferrite BaFe12O19 in Fig. 1.1, the crystalline constructions of differen t types of hexaferrites are unusually complex. The social social whole cell contains 10 O bonks. A unit cell is consecutive constructed for four blocks, they are S ( spinel ) , R ( hexangular ) , S* and R* . The S and R blocks rich person tantamount atomic understandings and are rotated rough the c-axis at 180A with impress to S* and R* blocks. Roentgen or R* block consists of trey O2a?A beds art object S or S* block contains dickens O2a?A beds with one O site in the in-between bed substituted by a Ba2+A ion 16 . The construction of Sr ferrite is interchangeable to that of Ba ferrite, by that replacing the Ba ion with strontium ion.Fig.A 1.1 A Structure of Ba hexaferriteOccasionally, a unit cell is comprises of cardinal enactment units. The unit cell consists of 64 ions per hexangular unit cell, which are 2 strontium ions, 38 O ions and 24 ferrous ions. The construction of magnetoplumbite are made of a bed of hexangular close jammed agreement of O and Sr ions, which is sandwiched between ii spinal blocks incorporating a 3-dimensional close-packed agreement of O atoms with Fe atoms.The Fe atoms are positioned at five interstitial crystallographically different cation sites of the close-packed beds, viz. 4f1 ( tetrahedral site, A sites ) , 12k, 4f2, 2a ( octahedral sites, B sites ) and 2b ( rhombohedral bipyramidal site ) 15 . The tetrahedral Fe oxide is FeO4, octahedral Fe oxide consists of six O ions, which is FeO6, and the reflectivity for rhombohedral bipyramidal Fe oxide is FeO5. A conventional M-type structural model and the five Fe3+ sites are shown in Fig. 1.2 by Collomb et Al. 15 .Figure 1.2 The crystal construction study map of the hexangular M-type stage and the five Fe sites with their milieus are displayed.The 2b sites merely occur in the same bed with strontium ion. 12k site is the octahedral site of S and R blocks. There are two tetrahedral ( 4f1 ) sites and one octahedral ( 2a ) site in Centre of S block. The two octahedr al ( 4f2 ) sites are found in the R block, adjacent to the strontium-containing bed.The M-type construction of strontium ferrite gives rise to its magnetic belongingss. Cation permutation to strontium ferrite may give opportunities whereby changing the construction and in that respectfore act upon the magnetic belongingss.MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF M-TYPE HEXAGONAL SrFe12O19Strontium hexaferrite is a ferrimagnetic stuff. Since the excess negatrons in SrFe12O19 are in close propinquity and remain seted even the external magnetic field hold up been removed, it is able to retain a lasting magnetic field and is recognized as ferrimagnetic stuff.In mid-fifties Gorter predicted that the Fe ions at the rhombohedral bipyramidal ( 2b ) and octahedral ( 2a, 12k ) sites down their spin orientation parallel to that of the Fe ions at the 4f sites 2 . The antiparallel 4f1 and 4f2 and parallel 2a, 12k and 2b sublattices form the ferrimagnetic construction. The magnetic ordination corresponding to the magnetoplumbite construction of hexangular Sr ferrite is good illustrated in Fig. 1.3.In S block, the bug out I-sublattice consists of four octahedral ions and the minority I?-sublattice contains two tetrahedral ions whereas R block contributes three octahedral ions and one rhombohedral ion to the bulk sublattice and two octahedral ions to the minority sublattice.Figure 1.3 The conventional construction ( left ) of the SrFe12O19 with Gorter s magnetic ordination ( in-between ) along the c-axis. The big unfastened circles are oxygen ions, the big broken circles are Sr ions wee circles with a cross inside represent Fe ions at 12k, subaltern circles incorporating a filled circle inside represent Fe ions at 4f2, little unfilled circles represent Fe ions at 4f1, filled little circles represent Fe ions at 2a and little circles with a unfilled circle inside represent Fe ions at 2b. The magnetic construction suggested by Gorter is shown on the right, where the pointers represent the way of spin polarisation.From Fig. 1.3, we can snapper up the sites of Fe ( III ) ions matching to the spin way, as in turn off 1.1. putCoordinationOccupancyDirection of spin polarisation12kOctahedral12Up2aOctahedral2Up2bTrigonal Bypiramidal2Up4f1Tetrahedral4Down4f2Octahedral4DownTable 1.1 Fe ( III ) ion sites in M-type hexangular ferriteHysteresis LoopThe magnetic belongingss of Sr ferrite can be examined through hysteresis loop topologys. Hysteresis cringle can be measured utilizing instruments much(prenominal) as Vibrating Sample Magnetometer ( VSM ) and squid Magnetometry Measurements.When a magnetic stuff is placed in a magnetic field, the fluxion denseness ( B ) would dawdle behind the magnetising draw ( H ) that causes it, and this kind hysteresis cringle.From a hysteresis cringle, we can place the magnetic belongingss of the stuff, they are saturation magnetic field effect, remanence or besides known as residuum magnetic field strength, and coercivity. A typi cal hysteresis cringle is good illustrated in Fig. 1.4.Figure 1.4 Typical hysteresis cringle ( B-H curve )Initially, there is no utilise magnetic field and it is known as unmagnetized province. after(prenominal) magnetic field is use, it causes alignment. Until maximal magnetising force applied, maximal flux denseness achieved at the same clip and this phenomenon is known as saturation magnetic intensity. At this point, the maximal figure of spin has mobilized. Saturation magnetisation is defined as the maximal possible magnetization of a stuff. It is besides a pure tone of strongest magnetic field a magnet can bring forth. The unit of impregnation magnetisation is in angstroms per metre. Strontium ferrite is holding high impregnation magnetisation at which it can hive away high quantity of magnetising force. As the magnetizing force being slatternly removed, the alliance stays at the point where H = 0, this is known as remnant magnetisation. Remnant magnetisation is the mag netisation left in a lasting magnet after an external magnetic field is removed. When a magnet is magnetic , it has remanence. It is ordinarily measured in unit Tesla. Strong lasting magnet such as Sr ferrite has high leftover magnetisation which means the high sum of magnetic force remains in it even after the magnetizing force is removed. As form Fig. 1.4, ostracise magnetic field is applied to demagnetise the lasting magnet. When the flux denseness ( B ) = 0, there is no magnetising force remain in the magnet and the negative H needed to demagnetise the magnet is known as coercivity. Negative H is the magnetic field applied in opposite way. Coercivity is measured in unit amperes per metre. Due to its high uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy with an easy axis of magnetisation along the hexangular c-axis in the construction, SrFe12O19 has high coercivity.Anisotropy is directional or orientational effects in crystal construction of stuffs which can return better magnetic pu blic monstrance along certain preferable axis. Therefore, we need to use high negative magnetising force to demagnetise Sr ferrite. Attempts have to be made to germinate down down the coercivity of Sr ferrite for use.whole of measurements in magneticsThe units used in magnetic attraction can be divided in general into two classs, SI system and c.g.s system. The transition table shown in Table 1.2 is to clear up the magnetic attraction observation in both(prenominal) SI and c.g.s systems and the transition factors between them.MeasureSymbolSI UnitSI Equationc.g.s Unitc.g.s EquationConversion FactorMagnetic InitiationBacillustesla ( T )B=Ao ( H+M )gauss ( G )B = H+4IM1 T = 104A GMagnetic Field StrengthHydrogenampere/meterA( A/m )H = NA-I/lcA( lc magneticAway, m )oersted ( Oe )H = 0.4INA-I/lc( lc magneticAway, centimeter )1 A/m =A4 IA-10-3A OeMagnetic FluxIWb ( Wb )I = BA-Ac( Ac country, m2A )Mx ( M )I = BA-Ac( Ac country, cm2A )1 Wb = 108A MMagnetizationMeterampere/meter ( A /m )M=m/V( m- sum magnetic heartbeat, AV- volume, m3A )emu/cm3M=m/V( m- sum magnetic minute, AV- volume, cm3A )1 A/m = 10-3Aelectromagnetic unit / cm3Magnetic Perme index of VaccumAonewton/ampere2Ao= 4IA-10-714IA-10-7InductionLiterHL=I?oI?N2Ac/lc( Ac- country, M2, Alc magnetic way, m )HL=0.4II?N2Ac/lcA-10-8( Ac-area, cm2, Alc magnetic way, centimeter )1Emf ( electromotive force )VoltVV=-NA-dI/dtVV=-10-8NA-dI/dt1Note In the above equations, I = catamenia ( in As ) , N = bendsTable 1.2 Magnetism expressions in SI and c.g.s systems and their transition factors for the magnetic units.1.4 PHOTOLUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES OF SrFe12O19Harmonizing to the survey of G. B. Teh et.al 3 on Sr ferrite, Sr ferrite was found to exhibit photoluminescence behaviour. When a attempt of Sr ferrite is excited at a certain wave distance, highest strength of photoluminescence emanation extremums was obtained. The ability of Sr ferrite to photoluminesce could be due to the O vacancies in their lattice co nstruction. The O vacancies are assumed to do the atoms to exhibit photoluminescence behaviour by move as traps for nomadic excitement. The O vacancies have effectual +2 charges, doing them herculean electron gaining control centres. Valence negatron would derive sufficient button to leap from the valency set to the conductivity set and go forthing a spread known as hole during excitement. F-centers, which is the part where contain high sum of negatrons would organize when the aroused negatrons being trapped in O vacancies. These rich negatron centres would take to emanation of luminescence when the holes and negatrons recombine.1.5 SYNTHESIS highway OF SrFe12O19The processing paths used for entailment of Sr ferrite affect its belongingss much. Traditionally, this ferrite pulverization is synthesized by a assorted oxide ceramic method, which involves the solid-state reaction between SrCO3 and Fe2O3 at a high calcination temperature ( about 1300AC ) . However, uncontrolled atom m orphology, big atom size and agglomerates would be the biggest disadvantages of this technique. Besides, taint would be introduced to the sample distribution while subsequent milling of the calcined ferrite pulverization and this would impact the magnetic belongingss belong less desirable. Therefore, the narrowed atom size distribution, refined atom size and minimum atom agglomeration has been the chief concern during the entailment of Sr ferrite.In order to better the magnetic belongingss, legion nonconventional soft man-made paths have been carried out, including sol-gel tax deduction 3 , hydrothermal reaction 6 , co-precipitation 7 , citric acid method 8 and microemulsion processing 10 .In this survey, the synthesis of Sr ferrite employed the sol-gel technique. It is a wet chemical path using ethylene ethanediol as gel precursor. Sol-gel technique is the technique of utilizing chemical substances which have high solubility in organic dissolvers to synthesize prec ursor compounds. The compounds are easy transformed into hydrated oxides on hydrolysis. The metal alkoxides formed can be removed easy utilizing hydrolysis and thermic intervention and therefore consequences in hydrous oxides which are extremely purify.Sol-gel method is used in this survey because of its numerous advantages. Sol-gel technique is able to bring forth homogenous nanosized crystallites. This method is escape to give breakwaterded stuffs straight from a solution without go throughing through the pulverization processing and the fact that the annealing temperature is very low compared with other conventional engineering. The crystalline size and belongingss of the ferrite produced are mostly affected by calcinations temperature 3 . Sol gel method has the advantage that the crystal developing of atoms is easier to command by changing the screw up intervention 11 . It was describe that at 500EsC it produced merely maghemite, I?-Fe2O3. A assorted merchandise of m agnetic I-Fe2O3 and M-type SrFe12O19 were obtained at 600EsC. As the calcination temperature accession to 800EsC and supra, there are merely M-type SrFe12O19 stage was observed. Sol-gel synthesis is able to bring forth high outputs of SrFe12O19 nanoparticles. It is besides able to bring forth nanocrystallite of cation substituted SrFe12O19. Nanoparticle size of Sr ferrite is desirable and aimed to synthesise because nanoparticles tend to give better magnetic belongingss. Nanoparticles give few magnetic studys, likely single field of view. integrity field tends to give higher magnetic initiation because there are no maintain magnetic sphere. whizz sphere aligns in one way merely. These belongingss are ideal for the fashioning of lasting magnet.1.6 CATION SUBSTITUTION IN SrFe12O19In order to better the magnetic belongingss of Sr ferrite, many surveies have been carried out. one and only(a) of them is cation permutation in Sr ferrite. ancient Earth and other metal cations are used for permutation for Sr and Fe severally 5 . The put forward doping of SrFe12O19 such as a La-Co brace to alternate a Sr-Fe brace has been tested 14 . The doping, or known as cation permutation, is aim to better the magnetic belongingss of Sr ferrite. Cation permutation consequences in structural alterations in Sr ferrite. As the physical belongingss of ferrite alteration, the magnetic belongingss would be affected due to the fact that magnetic belongingss are find by the agreement of Fe ions in crystal construction. In this survey, Co-Ti brace will be doped to the Sr ferrite. Cobalt Ti permutation will bring forth a quaternate system of the type SrO-Fe2O3-AO where A represents the dopant cation.The Co Ti permutation gives rise to the new expression, SrCoxTixFe12-2xO19 where Ten is the figure of gram moleculee of cation substituted in.1.7 Commercial ApplicationsStrontium ferrite is widely used as lasting magnet because it has way of easy magnetisation and the hexangula r c-axis which are perpendicular to the plane of the home base. The belongingss that are desirable in utilizing as lasting magnet include high impregnation magnetisation, high leftover magnetisation, high coercivity, high Curie temperature and high magnetocrystalline anisotropy.Besides, SrFe12O19 is besides normally used in high-density informations storage magnetic entering media. Nanoparticles of SrFe12O19 with individual sphere and low coercivity are of import in used for magnetic recording media. M-type Sr ferrite nanoparticles have attracted much attending due to their good frequence characteristic, low noise, high end product, in peculiar, first-class high frequence characteristic and unspecific dynamic frequence scope 4 . There are two types of entering medium, viz. particulates and thin movies. Tape and floppy is categorized in particulate and difficult thrust is belongs to thin movie. Information is stored by magnetising stuff. The entering caput can use magnetic field ( H ) and align spheres to magnetise the medium. It can besides observe a alteration in the magnetisation of the medium. Magnetic entering media prefers high impregnation magnetisation do it to hive away as much information. High appraise of remnant magnetisation is required in entering media to do certain that all stuffs stored in the difficult disc thus far remained even the power supply ( applied magnetic field ) is switched away. Low coercivity is of import in magnetic recording media. When the positive magnetic field is applied, this charging manages the medium to hive away informations. On the other manus, negative magnetic field applied to recuperate back the information, this is called discharges. Therefore, less current is needed to recover the information in the low coercivity medium. As a consequence, less heat generated and this saves the electricity.In general, Sr ferrite has high value of uniaxial anisotropy field, high coercive force and high impregnation magneti sation. The high coercivity of Sr ferrite has to be lowered down and impregnation magnetisation has to be at the same time increased if it is to be serviceable for magnetic recording intents. It has been reported that the permutation of cations such as Co ( II ) for the ion Fe ( III ) in Sr ferrite has lowered the coercive force. Therefore, many surveies were carried out to accomplish better magnetic belongingss of Sr ferrite for commercial applications.Chapter 2 EXPERIMENTALSample Preparation discount of M-type SrFe12O19Synthesis of Cation Substituted SrFe12O19Sample CharacterizationMagnetic Susceptibility residue MK12.1 Sample Preparation2.1.1 Synthesis of M-type SrFe12O19The sol-gel technique was used to synthesise M-type SrFe12O19 whereby the ethene ethanediol acts as gel precursor. The kickoff stuffs, Sr nitrate, Sr ( NO3 ) 2 and Fe ( III ) nitrate-9-hydrates, Fe ( NO3 ) 3A9H2O were used due to their high solubility in ethylene ethanediol. Calculation to a lower place was m ade to find the weight of stuffs needed to be used.Relative molecular(a) set of stuffsStrontium nitrate, Sr ( NO3 ) 2 = 211.63 g/molIron ( III ) nitrate-9-hydrates, Fe ( NO3 ) 3A9H2O = 404 g/mol( Note any replies have to be converted into 3 important figures. )No. of mol of 1 g Sr ( NO3 ) 2 = spile of Sr ( NO3 ) 2RMM of Sr ( NO3 ) 2= 1g211.63g/mol= 4.725210-3 molStrontium Fe = 1 12No. of mol of Fe ( NO3 ) 3A9H2O needed = 4.725210-3 mol x 12= 5.670210-2 molMass of Fe ( NO3 ) 3A9H2O needed = No. of mol of Fe ( NO3 ) 3A9H2O needed ten RMM ofFe ( NO3 ) 3A9H2O= 5.670210-2 mol x 404g/mol= 22.9 gFrom the computation, 1g of Sr nitrate and 22.9g of Fe ( III ) nitrate-9-hydrates were needed in the synthesis and were weighted. Strontium nitrate would supply 1 mol of Sr ions and Fe ( III ) nitrate-9-hydrates would supply 12 mol of Fe ions in the synthesis of Sr ferrite, which matched the molecular expression of SrFe12O19. The Sr nitrate and Fe ( III ) nitrate-9-hydrates were readily dissolve d in ethene ethanediol with little heat applied due to their high solubility in it. The mixture was heat somewhat and stirred with a magnetic saloon until the mixture was to the full dissolved. The attendant solution is in crystalline ruddy colour. The magnetic brainchild saloon was removed.The mixture was heated to 100AC and it would easy transform into a gel signifier. The gel was dried with uninterrupted heating at 100AC for 3 hours. The dried gel was so transferred to a crucible to take hints of organic precursor. A mixture of metal oxides in spread nanoclusters signifier was obtained. The dried gel was so annealed in a furnace at 800AC for 3 yearss with extended land with a stamp in a howitzer after annealed at legal separation of each twenty-four hours.2.1.2 Synthesis of Cation Substituted SrFe12O19Cation substituted strontium ferrite was synthesized by utilizing Co ( II ) ions and Ti ( IV ) ions to replace the Fe ions in M-type hexangular Sr ferrite. The permutation of Co ( II ) and Ti ( IV ) gives the compound a new molecular expression, which is SrCoxTixFe12-2xO19 where the x denoted different ratios. In the synthesis of cation substituted SrFe12O19, the ratios of cations used, x, is in between 0.2 to 6.0 ( 0.2 a x a 6.0 ) , where ten = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0. The same method described in branch 2.1.1 was used for the synthesis, by merely adding two new get downing stuffs, which are the Co ( II ) nitrate and Ti ( IV ) ethoxide to give the Co2+ and Ti4+ cations.Calculation as described below was made to think the weight of stuffs needed severally.Relative Molecular Mass of stuffsStrontium nitrate, Sr ( NO3 ) 2 = 211.63 g/molIron ( III ) nitrate-9-hydrates, Fe ( NO3 ) 3A9H2O = 404 g/molCobalt ( II ) nitrate, Co ( NO3 ) 2.6H2O = 291.04 g/mol titanium ( IV ) ethoxide, Ti ( CC2H5 ) 4 = 228.11 g/mol( Note totally replies have to be converted into 3 important figures. )Examples used for the computation SrCo0.2Ti0.2Fe11.6O19 , x= 0.2No. of mol of 1 g Ti ( CC2H5 ) 4 = Mass of Ti ( CC2H5 ) 4RMM of Ti ( CC2H5 ) 4= 1g228.11g/mol= 4.383810-3 mol0.2 mol of Ti needed 1 mol of Sr.4.383810-3 mol of Ti needed ( 4.383810-3 mol x 1 ) mol of Sr.0.2Therefore, 0.021919 mol of Sr is needed.Mass of Sr ( NO3 ) 2 needed = 0.021919mol ten 211.63 g/mol= 4.64 g0.2 mol of Ti needed 11.6 mol of Fe.4.383810-3 mol of Ti needed ( 4.383810-3 mol x 11.6 ) mol of Sr.0.2Therefore, 0.25426 mol of Fe is needed.Mass of Fe ( NO3 ) 3A9H2O needed = 0.25426mol ten 404g/mol= 103 gMass of Co ( NO3 ) 2.6H2O needed = 4.383810-3 mol x 291.04g/mol= 1.28 gThe computation above were used to cipher the weight of get downing stuffs needed for other cation ratios, ten for 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 severally every bit good. The weight needed for each stuff was tabulated in Table 2.1.tenWeight of stuffs needed ( g )Sr ( NO3 ) 2Fe ( NO3 ) 3A9H2OCo ( NO3 ) 2.6H2O0.24.641031.280.42.3251.41.280.61.5531.91.280.81.1123.01.281.00.9317.71.2 82.00.467.081.283.00.313.541.284.00.231.771.285.00.190.711.286.00.150.001.28Table 2.1 Weight of stuffs needed for synthesis of Co ( II ) -Ti ( IV ) substituted Sr ferriteFor the series of different permutation ratios ( ten ) , the corresponding Sr nitrate, Fe ( III ) nitrate-9-hydrates, Co ( II ) nitrate and Ti ( IV ) ethoxide were weighed and dissolved in 100ml ethene ethanediol. The oxides obtained after ignition were so annealed in a furnace at 800AC for 3 yearss with extended land with a stamp in a howitzer after annealed at interval of each twenty-four hours. The readying for Sr ferrite and cation substituted strontium ferrite is shown in Fig. 2.1 in flow chart array.Figure 2.1 Conventional diagram of the process for synthesis of Sr ferrite and cobalt-titanium substituted SrFe12O19.Sample CharacterizationMagnetic Susceptibility Balance MK1The magnetic belongingss of Sr ferrite and cobalt-titanium substituted Sr ferrite produced by the method described above were examined utiliz ing the Magnetic Susceptibility Balance retire 1 ( MK1 ) by Sherwood scientific Ltd, England. The magnetic susceptibleness balance setup was shown in Fig. 2.2.Figure 2.2 Magnetic Susceptibility Balance MK1 by Sherwood Scientific Ltd, England.The basic invent rule of Magnetic Susceptibility Balance MK1 was shown in Figure 2.3. Magnetic Susceptibility Balance determines the magnetic belongingss by puting two twosome of traveling magnets with the beam in between where the stationary sample is ready to be measured. Basically, the possible warp in the beam and the drive being made of a peculiar sample either solid or liquid could be observed in a balance system which possesses a magnetic field. Meanwhile, the spiral within the instrument is conducted with current required in order to do compensation of the magnetic force produced by the sample. Either paramagnetic or diamagnetic could be terminate in a asset or minus comparatively on show with the assistance of the way that the beam Swift.Figure 2.3 Basic design rule of Magnetic Susceptibility Balance MK1 by Sherwood Scientific Ltd, England.Magnetic susceptibleness is defined as when the magnetising field is applied to the sample, how much is the ratio of the strength of magnetic attraction induce by the sample in response to the magnetising field which it is capable. In this experiment, mass susceptibleness was the chief concern. Mass susceptibleness, xg, is defines by the mathematical expression below??g= ?v/dWhere vitamin D = denseness of substance??v is the volume susceptibleness, calculated by utilizing the expression??v = I/HWhere I = strength of magnetic attraction produced in a substanceH = strength of applied magnetic fieldBased on the magnetic belongingss of magnetic substances, they can be classified into one of the three groups. Among them, there is paramagnetic stuff which would pull by a strong magnetic field, diamagnetic which repelled by magnetic field and ferromagnetic which is alone to retain their ain magnetic field. After the external magnetic field is removed, ferromagnetic stuffs are still able to retain a lasting magnetic field. This is happened due to their free negatrons are in close propinquity and remain aligned without the magnetic field. Strontium ferrite and cobalt-titanium substituted Sr ferrite were found to be ferromagnetic due to the overshooting value observed on the show when the samples were introduced. To get the better of this job, a non-magnetic stuff Na chloride, was used to dilute the big magnetic attraction generate by the samples.Procedure was carried out. First, the scope boss of Magnetic Susceptibility Balance MK1 was turned to the x1 graduated table and was allowed to warm up for 10 proceedingss in the lead usage. The nothing boss is adjusted until the show reads 000. An nullify sample render of known weight was placed into the tubing usher and the teaching, Ro was taken. 0.0005g sample + 0.2820g NaCl ( sample length, fifty =3cm ) was packed into the sample column. The weight of samples and Na chloride were fixed for all measurings made. The jammed sample tubing was placed into tubing usher and the reading, R was taken. The stairss were repeated for all the 11 samples.The mass susceptibleness, ?g is calculated utilizing the expression??g= CBal* solid dm * ( R-Ro )109 * mWhere cubic dm = length of sample ( centimeter )m = mass of sample ( gm )R = balance reading for sample + tubingRo = balance reading for empty tubingCBal = the balance standardization changeless ( =1 )Chapter 3 second AND DISCUSSION3.1 Consequences of Mass Susceptibility3.1.1 Mass susceptibleness of M-type SrFe12O193.1.2 Mass susceptibleness of Cation Substituted SrFe12O193.1.3 Table of mass susceptibleness of SrFe12O19 and Co ( II ) -Ti ( IV )substituted SrFe12O193.1.4 graph of mass susceptibleness, ?g ( cgs ) against Co ( II ) -Ti ( IV ) ratio3.2 Findingss and Discussion3.1 RESULTS OF MASS SUSCEPTIBILITYMass susceptiblenesss of the samples we re calculated utilizing the expression??g= CBal* cubic decimeter * ( R-Ro )109 * mWhere cubic decimeter = sample length ( centimeter )m = sample mass ( gm )R = balance reading for sample in tubingRo = balance reading for empty tubingCBal = the balance standardization changeless ( =1 )* All the replies are adjusted to 4 important figures.3.1.1 Mass Susceptibility of M-type SrFe12O19??g = CBal* cubic decimeter * ( R-Ro )109 * m= 1 ten 3cm ten 936- ( -036 ) 109 x 0.0005= 1.94410-43.1.2 Mass Susceptibility of Cation Substituted SrFe12O19SrCo0.2Ti0.2Fe11.6O19??g = CBal* cubic decimeter * ( R-Ro )109 * m= 1 ten 3cm ten 798- ( -036 ) 109 x 0.0005= 1.66810-4SrCo0.4Ti0.4Fe11.2O19??g = CBal* cubic decimeter * ( R-Ro )109 * m= 1 ten 3cm ten 671- ( -036 ) 109 x 0.0005= 1.41410-4SrCo0.6Ti0.6Fe10.8O19??g = CBal* cubic decimeter * ( R-Ro )109 * m= 1 ten 3cm ten 654- ( -036 ) 109 x 0.0005= 1.38010-4SrCo0.8Ti0.8Fe10.4O19??g = CBal* cubic decimeter * ( R-Ro )109 * m= 1 ten 3cm ten 542- ( -036 ) 109 x 0.0005= 1.15610-4SrCo1.0Ti1.0Fe10O19??g = CBal* cubic decimeter * ( R-Ro )109 * m= 1 ten 3cm ten 441- ( -036 ) 109 x 0.0005= 0.95410-4SrCo2.0Ti2.0Fe8O19??g = CBal* cubic decimeter * ( R-Ro )109 * m= 1 ten 3cm ten 236- ( -036 ) 109 x 0.0005= 0.54410-4SrCo3.0Ti3.0Fe6O19??g = CBal* cubic decimeter * ( R-Ro )109 * m= 1 ten 3cm ten 162- ( -036 ) 109 x 0.0005= 0.39610-4SrCo4.0Ti4.0Fe4O19??g = CBal* cubic decimeter * ( R-Ro )109 * m= 1 ten 3cm ten 145- ( -036 ) 109 x 0.0005= 0.36210-4SrCo5.0Ti5.0Fe2O19??g = CBal* cubic decimeter * ( R-Ro )109 * m= 1 ten 3cm ten -006- ( -036 ) 109 x 0.0005= 0.06010-4SrCo6.0Ti6.0O19??g = CBal* cubic decimeter * ( R-Ro )109 * m= 1 ten 3cm ten -066- ( -036 ) 109 x 0.0005= -0.06010-43.1.3 Table of mass susceptibleness of SrFe12O19 and Co ( II ) -Ti ( IV ) substituted SrFe12O19The mass susceptiblenesss of the samples calculated were summarized in Table 1.SamplesSample length, cubic decimeter ( centimeter )Sample mass, m ( gm )Empty tubing reading, R0 Reading for tubing + sample, RMass susceptibleness, xgSrFe12O190.10.0005-0369361.94410-4SrCo0.2Ti0.2Fe11.6O190.10.0005-0367981.66810-4SrCo0.4Ti0.4Fe11.2O190.10.0005-0366711.41410-4SrCo0.6Ti0.6Fe10.8O190.10.0005-0366541.38010-4SrCo0.8Ti0.8Fe10.4O190.10.0005-0365421.15610-4SrCo1.0Ti1.0Fe10O190.10.0005-0364410.95410-4SrCo2.0Ti2.0Fe8O190.10.0005-0362360.54410-4SrCo3.0Ti3.0Fe6O190.10.0005-0361620.39610-4SrCo4.0Ti4.0Fe4O190.10.0005-0361450.36210-4SrCo5.0Ti5.0Fe2O190.10.0005-036-0060.06010-4SrCo6.0Ti6.0O190.10.0005-036-066-0.06010-4Table 3.1 Mass susceptibleness, xg of SrFe12O19 and Co ( II ) -Ti ( IV ) substituted SrFe12O193.1.4 chart of mass susceptibleness, ?g ( cgs ) against Co ( II ) -Ti ( IV ) ratioA graph of mass susceptibleness of SrFe12O19 and Co ( II ) -Ti ( IV ) substituted SrFe12O19 against Co ( II ) -Ti ( IV ) ratio was plotted and shown in Graph 3.1.Figure 3.1 Graph of mass susceptibleness, ?g ( cgs ) against Co ( II ) -Ti ( IV ) ratio3.2 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONMagnetic susc eptibleness is a step of response of negatrons in sample to an applied magnetic field. Electrons produce magnetic minutes at where the negatrons spin circularly around the karyon following right-thumb regulation. The net magmetic minute is the amount of minutes from all negatrons. There are three types of magnetic attraction they are ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic, paramagnetic and diamagnetic. Strontium ferrite is a ferrimagnetic compound due to its high magnetic initiation, B when magnetic field, H is applied. The magnetic minutes of ferrimagnetic Sr ferrite is aligned parallel with applied magnetic field. It is a of course magnet because the magnetic minutes are point at one way even there is no magnetic field is applied. The magnetic minute of M-type hexangular ferrites strongly prefer the hexangular axis way, which is the c-axis.Within the grain boundaries of ferrimagnetic atoms, the spheres are aligned in two waies opposing when there is no magnetic field applied. As the magn etic field is applied and strength of applied field ( H ) increases, the magnetic minute of ferrimagnetic stuff become aligns with H. The magnetic spheres with aligned magnetic minute grow at disbursement of ill aligned 1s. In the terminal, the magnetic spheres become individual sphere when the applied magnetic field additions until a point. Single magnetic sphere is desirable as it is easy to revolve the atoms for use. Single sphere besides gives higher magnetic initiation because there are no oppose magnetic sphere, the individual sphere align in one way merely. These belongingss are ideal for doing of lasting magnet. To a higher opportunity of obtaining individual sphere in atoms of a compound, the compound frequently produced in nanoparticles. Nanoparticles tend to give few magnetic spheres, likely individual sphere. This is due to the really little size of atoms tend to give the smallest sum of grain boundary, hence the opportunity of acquiring magnetic spheres in opposite way is little comparison to the big size atoms which have more grain boundaries. Therefore in this survey, sol-gel technique which is able to bring forth nano-sized atoms was employed.The magnetic belongingss of the hexangular Sr ferrites are strongly dependent upon the synthesis conditions and the site sense of taste of the substituted cations among the five different Fe3+ sublattices viz. , tetrahedral ( 4f1 ) , rhombohedral bipyramidal ( 2b ) and octahedral ( 12k, 2a and 4f2 ) of hexangular construction 13 .Mass susceptibleness is the ratio of the strength of magnetic attraction induced in the sample to the magnetizing field applied in response to the denseness of the substance. In commercial application, the mass susceptibleness is desirable as holding high value, for the use of strong lasting magnet and entering media.For the compose where x = 0.2, the substituted Sr ferrite recorded change magnitude in mass susceptibleness. The magnetic belongingss were non every bit desirab le as the value of susceptibleness demands to be comparatively high.In the specimen with x = 0.4, a dramatically addition in mass susceptibleness was measured. The addition in susceptibleness indicated that the permutation of Co ( II ) -Ti ( IV ) had filled up the minor I?-sublattice ( spin-down ) of the magnetoplumbite construction and therefore enhanced the measured magnetization along the I-sublattice ( spin-up ) axis.In the specimen with x = 0.6, the mass susceptibleness decreased. The big fall of susceptibleness indicated that at this ratio, the Co ( II ) -Ti ( IV ) cations may good hold occupied the cation sites which were in the I-sublattice ( spin-up ) .For x = 0.8 to 5.0, it was found that both specimens recorded similar values of susceptibleness. As the permutation of Co ( II ) -Ti ( IV ) increased, the susceptibleness showed a rapid lessening. It might hence be expected that farther permutation will later bring forth a superparamagnetic-like Sr ferrite. Superparamagnetis m is a phenomenon by which magnetic stuffs may exhibit a behaviour similar to paramagnetism at temperatures below the Curie temperature.For x = 6.0 shows negative value of mass susceptibleness, indicates the formation of Co oxide and Ti dioxide which are diamagnetic. There are no Fe oxides which gives ferromagnetic belongingss.From the old promulgated survey, the partial permutation of Fe3+ ions with a Co2+ + Ti4+ brace was attempted 4 . However, the coercive force reduces and at the same time impregnation magnetisation besides reduces. Therefore, the ratio of substituted cations is really of import in modifying the magnetic belongingss of ferrite.Single sphere atoms of Ti-Co substituted M-type hexaferrite posses attractive belongingss for the recording media applications 13 . Such permutations at Fe site are effectual in cut downing the coercivity and magnetocrystalline anisotropy but require higher annealing temperature for the individual stage formation. It has besides been r eported that when synthesising Ti-Co substituted hexaferrites, it is hard to avoid the formation of Co ferrite. Although the coercivity lessening by the permutation of Co-Ni but at the same clip the impregnation magnetisation of the stuffs lessening which limit their applications in the high denseness entering media.Chapter 4 Decisions4.1 Decisions4.2 incoming Work4.1 DecisionThe consequence of cation permutation on magnetic belongingss of Sr ferrite is discussed in the old chapter. The magnetic belongingss are differing matching to the different cation permutation ratios. There existed important tendency which corresponded to the alterations in permutation ratio in Sr ferrite. The mass susceptibleness is the highest at x = 0.4 in SrCoxTixFe12-2xO19. This indicates that this cation permutation ratio gives best magnetic behavior where the magnetisation is the highest. This phenomenon is favorable for commercial application such as doing of lasting magnet and magnetic recording media .4.2 FUTURE WORKIn this survey, the magnetic belongingss of M-type hexangular SrFe12O19 and cation substituted SrFe12O19 was studied. One of the magnetic belongingss, mass susceptibleness of the ferrites was determined in this survey, by utilizing magnetic susceptibleness balance. Besides magnetic susceptibleness balance, the survey on magnetic belongingss can be improved by utilizing SQUID gaussmeter or vibrating sample gaussmeter ( VSM ) 12 to look into the impregnation magnetization, remnant magnetization and coercivity. These three magnetic belongingss are the indispensable one to find their magnetic behavior for assorted applications. However, these two instruments are non functional in our research lab.The cobalt-titanium permutation is replacing the Fe sites alternatively of Sr sites. The Sr site could be substituted with other passage elements or rarified body politic elements with the similar atomic radii, illustration for Bi and rare earth.In future, farther survey co uld be carried out by substituted rare earth wholly to replace strontium ferrite to look into whether the M-type hexangular construction remains.One of the ways to heighten magnetic belongingss is to bring forth individual sphere atoms by partner offing the divalent-tetravalent permutation in Sr ferrite with get hold of man-made methods. Besides cation permutation by Co2+-Ti4+ brace, sol gel derived strontium ferrite with Fe substituted by Zn2+ , Ti4+ and Ir4+ have been carried out 9 . They are Zn2+-Ti4+ brace and Zn2+-Ir4+ brace. If this is true, it will hold a great impact on the engineering of tomorrow.

Stanford Prison Experiment

The Standford prison investigate Introduction Professor Philip Zimbardo led a team of tecs in bearinging an taste on prison invigoration at Standford University in 1971. Zimbardo wanted to bear witness his hypothesis that it was the captives and guards inherent personality distinction that leads to abusive and violent mien in the prisons. Twenty-four predominately white man sink c are middle class work force agreed to participate in a 7-14 mean solar day essay in return for $15. 00 a day, the equivalent of around $90. 0 today. The men underwent a diagnostic interview and personality engage to unsure that none of the histrions suffered from whatsoever mental or medical problems and that thither was no history of criminal offense or drug ab wont. As frank as flipping a excise the men were shared out into deuce groups, prisoners and guards. The guards were non given any superfluous training or instructions early(a) than they were free, within limits, to do whatever they handled to maintain law and army, part maintaining respect from the prisoners.The prisoners on the early(a) hand knew they were outlet to get somewhat harassment, leave out some privacy and civil rights and that the food was non going to be gourmet. What happened next, in that monastical basement could non have been for seen by researchers because the audition was can mobile phonephoneed on day half-dozen of a 14 day look into. A mock prison was scarup in the basement of the Stanfords psychological science Department building, where the prisoners were kept in depleted temptdowless cells, no clocks and further bountiful room for 3 prisoners.There was likewise a room called The fixing that was used for solitary elbow grease that mensural approximately two feet by two feet and was precise inexorable. Video cameras and intercoms were place up in order to monitor and listen to the discussions of the prisoners. Upon arrival the prisoners we re wound with a pillage search, deloused with a spray, dressed in a numbered homogeneous of a smock like dress with no under hold out and their hair was netted to give the appearance of being shaved.There right mortise joint joint was shackled with a healthy chain, that was intended to be a ceaseless reminder that they were imprisoned and that life was oppressive in jail. A skeleton description of the quiz and its purpose. What was well-read by and through this taste? After yarn this investigate, it may be preventive to say, that we all have a dark side depending on the conditions we are exposed to. The experiment showed that the role players easily fit to their roles that they were playing, beyond the expectations of the researchers.Just like in the movies, participants began to set similar attitudes to their characters, stereotypical of a prisoner or guard. It didnt nominate longstanding than 24 hours for the prisoners to protest and then the anger, abuse o f origin and domination set in with the guards. The guards began to embrace the prisoners with force, stark some of the prisoners naked, removing their beds from the cell and forcing them to sleep on the cold cover floor. The ring leader was divide and put into solitary confinement.Day after(prenominal) day the violence and abuse escalated and began to implicate psychological tactics, like having a inside cell, where three prisoners were given picky treatment of sleeping on beds, alimentation special food, being allowed to rinse and brush their teeth. It was easy to see that it didnt take long for the participants to drift off sight that this was an experiment and not verity. captives had anomic their identity, they believed and referred to themselves as their number, that was show by prisoner 819 who completely believed he was an bunco game in a prison.The guards were enjoying the abuse of office staff, never being late for work up and always volitioning to concil iate and work over period for no additional pay. The experiment demonstrated that our conditions start to define our identity. Our individuality and morality disappear fast depending on the social conditions. We must be very careful with the people we elect(ip) or give power to because we take care to be a tribe of followers and conforsists. What was learned about the gulf surrounded by macrocosm and role-playing? ground on the experiment one could cerebrate that within 48 hours, depending on the sensible and social conditions it is possible for a person to start to lose a sense of reality, the disconnection amid reality and role-playing becomes blurred. The experiment began as could be judge on the eldest day with each participant role-playing based on their beliefs of stereo graphemes of either a prisoner or guard. at bottom a very short full hinder of time it quickly inflated to the participants internalizing their fashion and believe the situation to be real, that they were experiencing.What is most majestic is that the branch day it was ostensible that everyone was uncomfortable, unsure of their roles, not taking it too earnestly unless generally acquire a feeling for their role playing. The next dayspring, 24 hours later, a greybacklion bust out with the prisoners. The events that followed next by the guards was extreme, harsh, forceful, degrading and generally not necessary, to jibe the situation. This could be seen as the play point in the experiment where the participants sense of reality reassignd. This was no longer an experiment scarcely a real life situation.Evidence of disconnect from reality by the prisoners * Prisoners passively accepted the psychological agony and followed the instructions from the guards to harass otherwise inmates * Prisoner 5401 fell so late into the role he believed and was proud of his pick out leadership for Standford County Jail wrong Committee * Prisoner 8612 suffered acute excited disturbance, disorganized thinking, continuous weeping and out of control rage, with 36 hours of the experiment beginning * Prisoner 819 became sick, would not eat, cried uncontrollably and was convinced he was a prisoner and was not getting out * Prisoner 416 set himself as 416 and not Clay, he believed he was in a real prison run by psychologists, not the state * During the simulated parole hearing, prisoners say they would forfeit their pay of $15/day in order to be paroled Evidence of disconnect from reality by the guards Guards viewed the prisoners as troublemakers, even believing they would do them harm * Guards controlled when the prisoners were allowed to use the washroom, let sanitary conditions become intolerable by making prisoners make water and defecate in a pail that was left in the cell to rot and smell * Day after day the guards escalated there harassment, dismay and violence to the prisoners, making them clean mass bowls with their bare reach and making th em do push-ups for hours at a time * Guards unloadd the prisons by stripping them naked and demanded radical deference through physical and psychological manipulation One can tho conclude that a total disconnect between reality and role-playing took perpetrate in this experiment. Why did no one ask to quit the experiment? Simply put, it was no longer an experiment, this was very real, the prisoners were experiencing pathological disorders and the guards were growing to a greater extent sadistic, with each passing day. What about peer draw and its role in controlling bearing? exclusively participants both prisoners and guards gived peer insisting, that controlled their behavior and altered their moral beliefs.The experiment began by defining the two contrary groups with a uniform that eliminated or minimized each persons individual identity and associated them with a group. Guards wore identical khaki uniforms with sunglasses and carried a billy club. Prisoners wore a smo ck, no under, id, chains around their right ankle and a nylon net on their heads. When the first rebellion started, 24 hours into the experiment, the morning shift of guards blamed the night shift guards of being too cushy on the prisoners. The guards called in particular(a) help, united they worked to control the situation with ferine force and the night time shift even volunteered to remain on duty, that day. The guards now had a popular goal to control and intimidate the prisoners through psychological and physical punishment.Peer pressure to keep the prisoners in line was evident by the increasing day-to-day assertive violence. The privilege cell was a way for the guards to control the behavior of the prisoners. The three best behaved prisoners would be set-apart and given special privileges to kerfuffle the solidarity of the prisoners. If a prisoner agreed to be an informant they could also take on special treatment hardly they had to be careful that none of the other prisoners found out because they would not be trusted any more. Together the prisoners worked to rebel and in turn this created greater solidarity between the guards. What was learned about prison culture? The experiment demonstrated how prison life can change an individual quiet quickly.Prisoners experience a great deal of mad pain and worthless that can bewilder physical illnesses like rashes and stack away and also psychological effects like uncontrolled crying, rage and disorientation. Guards on the other hand enjoyed their say-so and the power they had over another individual. The guards were identified into three different categories. * Tough but fair guard who followed the rules by the book * Good guy guard who made life a little easier, did special favors for the prisoners and never punish them * One third of the guards were atrocious, sadistic, violent men who enjoyed humiliating the prisoners After six days the experiment was turned when researchers observed that the guards were thoroughly enjoying the power and humiliation they were enforcing on he prisoners and that the wretched inmates were individually and as a group, disintegrated. An role model of the disintegration was when the prisoners elected not to give up their blankets to get prisoner 416 out of solitary confinement but chose to leave him their all night. In the end, humanity did not win over evil but evil triumph. What sort of conclusion baron be drawn from the results of this pick out and what are the implications of these conclusions for our prison system and for monastic order in general? Based on how the experiment was channeled, not as much discipline was gathered to test the veritable hypothesis as was gathered on how not to conduct an experiment.The experiment failed to be undefiled when 2 prisoners had to be released early and the constitutional experiment was cancelled prematurely after six days of the original fourteen day experiment. in spite of appearan ce this short period of time enough info was gathered to show how quickly the participants adapted to their roles and how fast the disconnect between reality and role-playing took. The experiment was successful in demonstrating how the power of authority can easily be abused and taken too far. It was evoke to note that the prisoners opinion that the subjects were divided up between prisoners and guards based on their size and that the guards were larger, when in position there was no difference in the average height of the two groups.Another example that we assume people in powerful positions are smarter, larger, more worthy, more deserving of that role, than ourselves. The most alarming fact was the Zimbardo, the leading researcher took a role in the experiment as the superintendent of the prison. He allowed himself to role play, get emotionally baffling and allowed abusive behavior to quell during the experiment. On the day he thought a mass trip out plot was being planned, Zimbardo was so baffling strategizing how to stop it, that no breeding was observed or gathered that day. The results from the lease were mainly subjective. Little or no information was concluded from this story because still to this day, similar behaviors took moorage with prisoners from Iraqi who were being held at Abu Ghraib.US soldiers abused, stripped and sexually humiliated prisoners, took pictures and affix them on the internet. An analysis of the ethics of the experiment. Was this study estimable? The Standford prison experiment was not ethical. All of the participants had signed a consent form to take part in the study but the consent form was deceiving and did not include some of the details of the study and what was going to be expected of the participants. The experiment began with a squeezee aggression of privacy when the participants were surprised at their homes by local police, arrested, handcuffed and put in a police prowl car while neighbors looked on. N ext the prisoner were strip searched without consent which is a hug violation of a mans rights.All participants were put under a great deal of stress, exposed to psychological and physical harm and the prisoners were get the better of and humiliated. Was it right to subject these subjects to this kind of wo(e) in exchange for the information that was gained? Christine Maslach, a Stanford Ph. D student that was brought in to interview the prisoners and guards should be impute for being the unaccompanied person of more than fifty highly improve individuals that was taking part in the study, who had the specialness to speak up and unbelief the morality of this experiment. What was supposed to be a safe controlled environment to conduct the experiment became increasingly dangerous, when peer pressure from the researchers and observers made it difficult to stop the experiment.These participants endured unnecessary pain and suffering that lasted salutary after the experiment was o ver. The information that was gathered could easily have been complied through observations in real prisons. deduction In conclusion the Standford prison experiment demonstrated how prisons are set up to dehumanize the incoming prisoners, degrade them and instill in them a feeling of hopelessness. One can only question our human honor when at the end of the experiment, the guards who were inflicting pain and suffering on their fellow participants who were prisoners, were perturb that the experiment was cancelled prematurely. We must obtain a way to rehabilitate our prisoners and create positive human value in them rather than to set down them.Stanford Prison ExperimentThe Standford Prison Experiment Introduction Professor Philip Zimbardo led a team of researchers in conducting an experiment on prison life at Standford University in 1971. Zimbardo wanted to test his hypothesis that it was the prisoners and guards inherent personality trait that leads to abusive and violent behav ior in the prisons. Twenty-four predominately white male middle class men agreed to participate in a 7-14 day experiment in return for $15. 00 a day, the equivalent of approximately $90. 0 today. The men underwent a diagnostic interview and personality test to unsure that none of the participants suffered from any psychological or medical problems and that there was no history of crime or drug abuse. As simple as flipping a coin the men were divided into two groups, prisoners and guards. The guards were not given any special training or instructions other than they were free, within limits, to do whatever they liked to maintain law and order, while maintaining respect from the prisoners.The prisoners on the other hand knew they were going to get some harassment, lose some privacy and civil rights and that the food was not going to be gourmet. What happened next, in that secluded basement could not have been for seen by researchers because the experiment was cancelled on day six of a fourteen day experiment. A mock prison was setup in the basement of the Stanfords Psychology Department building, where the prisoners were kept in small windowless cells, no clocks and just enough room for 3 prisoners.There was also a room called The Hole that was used for solitary confinement that measured about two feet by two feet and was very dark. Video cameras and intercoms were set up in order to monitor and listen to the discussions of the prisoners. Upon arrival the prisoners were humiliated with a strip search, deloused with a spray, dressed in a numbered uniform of a smock like dress with no under wear and their hair was netted to give the appearance of being shaved.There right ankle was shackled with a heavy chain, that was intended to be a constant reminder that they were imprisoned and that life was oppressive in jail. A brief description of the experiment and its purpose. What was learned through this experiment? After reading this experiment, it may be safe to say, that we all have a dark side depending on the conditions we are exposed to. The experiment showed that the participants easily adapted to their roles that they were playing, beyond the expectations of the researchers.Just like in the movies, participants began to adapt similar attitudes to their characters, stereotypical of a prisoner or guard. It didnt take longer than 24 hours for the prisoners to rebel and then the anger, abuse of power and domination set in with the guards. The guards began to treat the prisoners with force, stripped some of the prisoners naked, removing their beds from the cell and forcing them to sleep on the cold concrete floor. The ring leader was separated and put into solitary confinement.Day after day the violence and abuse escalated and began to include psychological tactics, like having a privileged cell, where three prisoners were given special treatment of sleeping on beds, eating special food, being allowed to wash and brush their teeth. It was easy to see that it didnt take long for the participants to lose sight that this was an experiment and not reality. Prisoners had lost their identity, they believed and referred to themselves as their number, that was demonstrated by prisoner 819 who completely believed he was an inmate in a prison.The guards were enjoying the abuse of power, never being late for work and always allow foring to stay and work over time for no additional pay. The experiment demonstrated that our conditions start to define our identity. Our individuality and morals disappear fast depending on the social conditions. We must be very careful with the people we elect or give power to because we seem to be a Nation of followers and conforsists. What was learned about the disconnect between reality and role-playing?Based on the experiment one could concluded that within 48 hours, depending on the physical and social conditions it is possible for a person to start to lose a sense of reality, the disconnect betwee n reality and role-playing becomes blurred. The experiment began as could be expected on the first day with each participant role-playing based on their beliefs of stereotypes of either a prisoner or guard. Within a very short period of time it quickly elevated to the participants internalizing their behavior and believing the situation to be real, that they were experiencing.What is most alarming is that the first day it was evident that everyone was uncomfortable, unsure of their roles, not taking it too seriously but generally getting a feeling for their role playing. The next morning, 24 hours later, a rebellion broke out with the prisoners. The events that followed next by the guards was extreme, harsh, forceful, degrading and generally not necessary, to control the situation. This could be seen as the turning point in the experiment where the participants sense of reality changed. This was no longer an experiment but a real life situation.Evidence of disconnect from reality by the prisoners * Prisoners passively accepted the psychological torture and followed the instructions from the guards to harass other inmates * Prisoner 5401 fell so deeply into the role he believed and was proud of his elected leadership for Standford County Jail Grievance Committee * Prisoner 8612 suffered acute emotional disturbance, disorganized thinking, continuous crying and out of control rage, with 36 hours of the experiment beginning * Prisoner 819 became sick, would not eat, cried uncontrollably and was convinced he was a prisoner and was not getting out * Prisoner 416 identified himself as 416 and not Clay, he believed he was in a real prison run by psychologists, not the state * During the simulated parole hearing, prisoners said they would forfeit their pay of $15/day in order to be paroled Evidence of disconnect from reality by the guards Guards viewed the prisoners as troublemakers, even believing they would do them harm * Guards controlled when the prisoners were all owed to use the washroom, let sanitary conditions become unbearable by making prisoners urinate and defecate in a bucket that was left in the cell to rot and smell * Day after day the guards escalated there harassment, humiliation and violence to the prisoners, making them clean toilet bowls with their bare hands and making them do push-ups for hours at a time * Guards degraded the prisons by stripping them naked and demanded total obedience through physical and psychological manipulation One can only conclude that a total disconnect between reality and role-playing took place in this experiment. Why did no one ask to quit the experiment? Simply put, it was no longer an experiment, this was very real, the prisoners were experiencing pathological disorders and the guards were growing more sadistic, with each passing day. What about peer pressure and its role in controlling behavior? All participants both prisoners and guards experienced peer pressure, that controlled their behavior a nd altered their moral beliefs.The experiment began by defining the two different groups with a uniform that eliminated or minimized each persons individual identity and associated them with a group. Guards wore identical khaki uniforms with sunglasses and carried a billy club. Prisoners wore a smock, no under, id, chains around their right ankle and a nylon net on their heads. When the first rebellion started, 24 hours into the experiment, the morning shift of guards blamed the night shift guards of being too lenient on the prisoners. The guards called in extra help, united they worked to control the situation with brutal force and the night time shift even volunteered to remain on duty, that day. The guards now had a common goal to control and intimidate the prisoners through psychological and physical punishment.Peer pressure to keep the prisoners in line was evident by the increasing daily assertive violence. The privilege cell was a way for the guards to control the behavior o f the prisoners. The three best behaved prisoners would be separated and given special privileges to break the solidarity of the prisoners. If a prisoner agreed to be an informant they could also receive special treatment but they had to be careful that none of the other prisoners found out because they would not be trusted anymore. Together the prisoners worked to rebel and in turn this created greater solidarity between the guards. What was learned about prison culture? The experiment demonstrated how prison life can change an individual quiet quickly.Prisoners experience a great deal of emotional pain and suffering that can produce physical illnesses like rashes and hives and also psychological effects like uncontrolled crying, rage and disorientation. Guards on the other hand enjoyed their authority and the power they had over another individual. The guards were identified into three different categories. * Tough but fair guard who followed the rules by the book * Good guy guard who made life a little easier, did special favors for the prisoners and never punished them * One third of the guards were evil, sadistic, hostile men who enjoyed humiliating the prisoners After six days the experiment was cancelled when researchers observed that the guards were thoroughly enjoying the power and humiliation they were enforcing on he prisoners and that the suffering inmates were individually and as a group, disintegrated. An example of the disintegration was when the prisoners elected not to give up their blankets to get prisoner 416 out of solitary confinement but chose to leave him their all night. In the end, humanity did not win over evil but evil triumph. What sort of conclusion might be drawn from the results of this study and what are the implications of these conclusions for our prison system and for society in general? Based on how the experiment was conducted, not as much information was gathered to test the original hypothesis as was gathered on how not t o conduct an experiment.The experiment failed to be completed when 2 prisoners had to be released early and the entire experiment was cancelled prematurely after six days of the original fourteen day experiment. Within this short period of time enough information was gathered to show how quickly the participants adapted to their roles and how fast the disconnect between reality and role-playing took. The experiment was successful in demonstrating how the power of authority can easily be abused and taken too far. It was interesting to note that the prisoners thought that the subjects were divided up between prisoners and guards based on their size and that the guards were larger, when in fact there was no difference in the average height of the two groups.Another example that we assume people in powerful positions are smarter, larger, more worthy, more deserving of that role, than ourselves. The most alarming fact was the Zimbardo, the leading researcher took a role in the experiment as the superintendent of the prison. He allowed himself to role play, get emotionally involved and allowed abusive behavior to continue during the experiment. On the day he thought a mass escape plot was being planned, Zimbardo was so involved strategizing how to stop it, that no information was observed or gathered that day. The results from the study were mainly subjective. Little or no information was concluded from this study because still to this day, similar behaviors took place with prisoners from Iraqi who were being held at Abu Ghraib.US soldiers abused, stripped and sexually humiliated prisoners, took pictures and posted them on the internet. An analysis of the ethics of the experiment. Was this study ethical? The Standford prison experiment was not ethical. All of the participants had signed a consent form to take part in the study but the consent form was deceiving and did not include some of the details of the study and what was going to be expected of the participants . The experiment began with a huge invasion of privacy when the participants were surprised at their homes by local police, arrested, handcuffed and put in a police cruiser while neighbors looked on. Next the prisoner were strip searched without consent which is a hug violation of a mans rights.All participants were put under a great deal of stress, exposed to psychological and physical harm and the prisoners were beaten and humiliated. Was it right to subject these subjects to this kind of suffering in exchange for the information that was gained? Christine Maslach, a Stanford Ph. D student that was brought in to interview the prisoners and guards should be cr modify for being the only person of more than fifty highly educated individuals that was taking part in the study, who had the strength to speak up and question the morality of this experiment. What was supposed to be a safe controlled environment to conduct the experiment became increasingly dangerous, when peer pressure fro m the researchers and observers made it difficult to stop the experiment.These participants endured unnecessary pain and suffering that lasted well after the experiment was over. The information that was gathered could easily have been complied through observations in real prisons. Conclusion In conclusion the Standford prison experiment demonstrated how prisons are set up to dehumanize the incoming prisoners, degrade them and instill in them a feeling of hopelessness. One can only question our human integrity when at the end of the experiment, the guards who were inflicting pain and suffering on their fellow participants who were prisoners, were upset that the experiment was cancelled prematurely. We must find a way to rehabilitate our prisoners and create positive human values in them rather than to destroy them.Stanford Prison ExperimentPsychology 270 03 Homework Assignment 1 Prison Experiment (100 Pts) Go to the following sitehttp//www. prisonexp. org/. Click on scram SlideSho w at the bottom of the page. Read through the article and watch the characterisation in entirety. Respond to all questions below. 1. If you were a guard in this scenario, what type of guard would you have become? Why? 2. What prevented good guards from objecting to or countermanding the orders from uncollectible or bad guards? 3.If you were a prisoner, would you have been able to endure the experience? Why or why not? What would you have done differently fromwhat the subjects did in this experiment? If you were imprisoned for five or more years, how would you adapt to this environment? What would you do in order to survive? 4. How do the ethical dilemmas in this experiment compare with the ethical issues raised by Stanley Milgrams obedience experiments? How would it be beneficial if these experiments had never been conducted.Please elaborate. 5. Moving beyond physical prisons built of steel and concrete, what psychological prisons do we create for ourselves and others? If prisons are seen as forms of control which limit individual freedom, how do they differ from the prisons we create through racism, sexism, ageism, poverty, and other social institutions? 6. What is your personal opinion of the experiment? Deadline Tuesday, March 19, 20131115 a. m. A hardcopy of your assignment must be submitted to me by the deadline.No late assignments will be accepted. Guidelines These are essay questions. Your responses must be well substantial and detailed. Length of assignment Minimum 5 Pages (Five Full Pages) Double position 12 point font Ariel, Times New Roman, or Calibri discolour ink only You must include a cover page. You will be penalized for spelling and grammatical errors. It is mandatory that assignments are proofread and edited prior to submission.